The aim of this study was to evaluate thermal effects of ceramic and metal implant drills during implant site preparation using a standardised bovine model.
 
  A total of 320 automated intermittent osteotomies of 10- and 16-mm drilling depths were performed using zirconium dioxide-based and stainless steel drills. Various drill diameters (2.0/ 2.2, 2.8, 3.5, 4.2mm ∅) and different cooling methods (without/ with external saline irrigation) were investigated at room temperature (21±1°C). Temperature changes were recorded in real time using two custom-built multichannel thermoprobes in 1- and 2-mm distance to the osteotomy site. For comparisons, a linear mixed model was estimated.
 
  Comparing thermal effects, significantly lower temperatures could be detected with steel-based drills in various drill diameters, regardless of drilling depth or irrigation method. Recorded temperatures for metal drills of all diameters and drilling depths using external irrigation were below the defined critical temperature threshold of 47°C, whereas ceramic drills of smaller diameters reached or exceeded the harmful temperature threshold at 16-mm drilling depths, regardless of whether irrigation was applied or not. The results of this study suggest that the highest temperature changes were not found at the deepest point of the osteotomy site but were observed at subcortical and deeper layers of bone, depending on drill material, drill diameter, drilling depth and irrigation method.
 
  This standardised investigation revealed drill material and geometry to have a substantial impact on heat generation, as well as external irrigation, drilling depth and drill diameter.
 This standardised investigation revealed drill material and geometry to have a substantial impact on heat generation, as well as external irrigation, drilling depth and drill diameter.
  Working as a dentist is a demanding and stressful occupation. Resilience is therefore widely thought to be a desirable quality in dentists, and these attitudes are likely to be initially formed during undergraduate training. The attitudes and experiences of dental educators are important as they are likely to influence dental undergraduates. This study describes how dentists working within an academic setting understand and experience resilience.
 
  A series of qualitative interviews were conducted with a purposive sample of 12 dentists working within an academic setting in the UK. All interviews were digitally recorded and transcribed verbatim. A structured process of thematic analysis was followed in order to describe key themes that arose in the interviews.
 
  There was a common acknowledgement that resilience is the result of a dynamic process involving multiple factors. Six factors were described as relating to resilience background and personal characteristics, environment, life challenges, mood, attitudes and expectations and actions and strategies. Each of these factors was also described as affecting the others in a reciprocal manner.
 
  The academics in this study described resilience in terms of both personal and environmental factors and their interactions. This understanding could inform the development of programmes designed to enhance resilience for both dental educators and students, which might usefully focus on a range of individual and systemic factors.
 The academics in this study described resilience in terms of both personal and environmental factors and their interactions. This understanding could inform the development of programmes designed to enhance resilience for both dental educators and students, which might usefully focus on a range of individual and systemic factors.
  To assess the role of momentary pain on opioid craving and illicit opioid use among individuals receiving opioid agonist treatment.
 
  Observational study using ecological momentary assessment.
 
  The National Institute of Drug Abuse Intramural Research Program in the United States.
 
  Fifty-six adults who qualified for opioid agonist treatment.
 
  Participants completed randomly prompted assessments of pain severity, stress, negative mood, opioid craving and illicit opioid use for a mean of 66days [standard deviation (SD)=27]. Urine samples were collected two to three times/week throughout.
 
  Almost 70% of participants reported moderate average pain severity in the past 24hours at intake and 35% of participants reported chronic pain. There were no significant differences in percent of opioid-positive urine samples (P=0.73) and average level of opioid craving during the study period (P=0.91) among opioid agonist treatment only patients versus opioid agonist treatment patients with chronic pain. However, momentant, momentary pain appears to be indirectly associated with illicit opioid use via momentary opioid craving.
  Pathogenic variants in PLEKHG5 have been reported to date to be causative in three unrelated families with autosomal recessive intermediate Charcot-Marie-Tooth disease (CMT) and in one consanguineous family with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA). PLEKHG5 is known to be expressed in the human peripheral nervous system, and previous studies have shown its function in axon terminal autophagy of synaptic vesicles, lending support to its underlying pathogenetic mechanism. Despite this, there is limited knowledge of the clinical and genetic spectrum of disease.
 
  We leverage the diagnostic utility of exome and genome sequencing and describe novel biallelic variants in PLEKHG5 in 13 individuals from nine unrelated families originating from four different countries. We compare our phenotypic and genotypic findings with a comprehensive review of cases previously described in the literature.
 
  We found that patients presented with variable disease severity at different ages of onset (8-25years). In our cases, weakness usof the phenotypic and molecular spectrum of PLEKHG5-associated diseases.The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of a natural soda water [Shi Han Quan (SHQ)] on hyperglycemia and plasma metabolic profiling and explore the mechanism using metabolomics techniques.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/zebularine.html  Kun-Ming mice weighing 26 ± 2 g were used for the hyperglycemia animal model with alloxan and divided into control, hyperglycemia (HG), and HG + SHQ soda water (SHQ) groups. The experiment lasted for 30 days. The plasma metabolomic profiling of mice was determined using ultrahigh-pressure liquid chromatography-quadrupole-time of flight-mass spectrometry. After the mice drank SHQ soda water, the levels of insulin and blood glucose were significantly lower in the SHQ group compared with the control group, and the level of insulin sensitivity [insulin sensitivity index (ISI)] was significantly higher in the SHQ group compared with the HG group. The mice in the different groups after SHQ intervention could be separated into distinct clusters, and nine major plasma metabolites with significant differences between groups were found closely associated with blood glucose and ISI.