https://www.selleckchem.com/products/mli-2.html Six programs (Adult and Pediatric Kinetics, BestDose, DoseMeRx, InsightRx, MwPharm++, and PrecisePK) were evaluated. Among neonatal models, Frymoyer et al. and Capparelli et al. used the largest PK samples to generate their models, which were externally validated. Among the pediatric models, Le et al. employed the largest sample size, with multiple external validations. Of the Bayesian programs, DoseMeRx, InsightRx, and PrecisePK utilized clinically validated neonatal and pediatric models. To optimize vancomycin use in neonatal and pediatric patients, clinicians should focus on selecting a model that best fits their patient population and utilize Bayesian estimation tools for therapeutic AUC-targeted dosing and monitoring. To optimize vancomycin use in neonatal and pediatric patients, clinicians should focus on selecting a model that best fits their patient population and utilize Bayesian estimation tools for therapeutic AUC-targeted dosing and monitoring. To examine the influence of 2 temporal factors-age and injury chronicity-on the relationship between cognitive reserve (CR) and cognitive functioning in older adults with chronic traumatic brain injury (TBI). Outpatient research laboratory. Adults, 50 years or older, with a 1- to 45-year history of moderate or severe TBI (N = 108). Cross-sectional observational study. CR was estimated using demographically corrected performance on a word-reading test (an approximation of premorbid IQ). Injury chronicity was operationalized as number of years since the date of injury. Composite cognitive scores were computed from performances on neuropsychological tests of processing speed, executive functioning, and memory. CR was positively and significantly related to all cognitive performances independent of age, injury chronicity, and injury severity. Greater injury chronicity significantly attenuated the effect of CR on processing speed such that individuals more distal from the