In the last decade, the outbreaks caused by virulent porcine reproductive and respiratory syndrome virus (PRRSV) strains from both PRRSV-1 and PRRSV-2 have considerably increased. PRRSV is able to modulate the host's immune response through the induction of apoptosis of cells in lymphoid organs like thymus, increasing the susceptibility to secondary infectious agents. The present study aimed to compare the impact of two PRRSV-1 strains, a field low virulent strain (3249 strain) and a virulent strain (Lena strain), in the thymus of infected pigs, focusing on clinical signs, histological analysis, viraemia, thymus viral load and the study of the different routes of apoptosis phenomena by immunohistochemistry. Sera and thymus samples were collected from infected animals with 3249 strain, Lena strain and mock-infected animals at 1, 3, 6, 8 and 13 days post-infection (dpi). Lena-infected animals showed severe clinical disease, high sera and thymus viral loads with evident thymic atrophy since 6 dpi, matching with PRRSV-N protein, TUNEL and cCasp3 expression in the thymic cortex. In both infected groups, there was an increase in the number of cells expressing molecules related to the extrinsic pathway of apoptosis (cCasp8 and Fas) in cortex and medulla, showing an important role in the apoptosis induction produced in thymus of PRRSV-infected piglets. The extensive apoptosis in the thymus through this pathway would lead to a decrease in the number of mature T lymphocytes and the sustained release of viral particles, which may explain the greater severity of the clinical signs observed in Lena-infected pigs. Strangles, caused by Streptococcus equi subspecies equi (S. equi) is an infectious disease of horses with worldwide distribution, but there are limited data available regarding strain variation using whole genome sequencing among and within outbreaks in the United States (US), and how US isolates compare with S. equi isolated globally. To address this knowledge-gap, we compared the whole genomes of 54 S. equi isolates from Texas and Kentucky and those of 230 publicly available sequences of S. equi isolates collected from other countries. Our results show that despite minimal variation among isolates within an outbreak some mutations do occur among individual outbreak isolates. Some S. equi strains from the US are closely related to S. equi isolates from other countries, likely reflecting international dissemination of isolates. Collectively, these data improve our understanding of phenotypic and genotypic variation of isolates within an outbreak, and the international distribution of S. equi. We also identify a novel variant of the S. equi M-protein, and observed cases of strangles that were caused by the modified-live vaccine but that were not recognized as vaccine-associated at the time of clinical sample submission. This paper presents the impact on antimicrobial resistance (AMR) in poultry and pig bacteria of the French EcoAntibio plan, a public policy to reduce antimicrobial use in animals. The analysis was performed using sales data of veterinary antimicrobials and AMR data from bacteria obtained at slaughterhouse and from diseased animals. From 2011-2018, fluoroquinolones exposure decreased by 71.5 % for poultry and 89.7 % for pigs. For Campylobacter jejuni isolated from broilers at slaughterhouses, ciprofloxacin resistance increased from 51 % in 2010 to 63 % in 2018, whereas for turkeys the percentages varied from 56 % in 2014 to 63 % in 2018. For commensal E. coli isolated from the caecal content of broilers at slaughterhouses, the resistance to ciprofloxacin - assessed using an epidemiological cut-off value - increased in broiler isolates from 30.7 % in 2010 to 38.1 % in 2018. In turkeys, the percentage of resistant E. coli isolates decreased from 21.3 % in 2014 to 15.2 % in 2018, whereas in pigs, it increased from 1.9 % in 2009 to 5.5 % in 2017. However, for E. coli isolated from diseased animals, when the breakpoints of 2018 were applied, resistance to fluoroquinolones significantly decreased between 2010 and 2018 from 9.0%-5.4% for broilers/hens, from 7.4 % to 3.4 % for turkeys and from 9.4 % to 3.6 % for pigs. These data show that the major, rapid decrease in the exposition to fluoroquinolones had contrasting effects on resistance in the diverse bacterial collections. Co-selection or fitness of resistant strains may explain why changes in AMR do not always closely mirror changes in use. Several duck Tembusu virus (DTMUV) clusters have been identified since its first emergence in 2010. However, the pathogenesis evaluation of DTMUV has been restricted to cluster 2.2 Chinese DTMUVs. In this study, the pathogenesis of a cluster 2.1 Thai DTMUV was investigated in three ages of Cherry Valley ducks (1-, 4- and 27-week-old). In each age, 35 ducks were inoculated with a cluster 2.1 Thai DTMUV and evaluated for clinical signs, virus distribution and shedding, pathology and serological response. Our results demonstrated that all duck ages were susceptible to Thai DTMUV; however, Thai DTMUV induced greater disease severity in younger ducks (1- and 4-week-old) when compared to older ducks (27-week-old) reflected by higher morbidity and mortality rates, and higher degree of pathological severity. Corresponding to these results, longer-term viremia, higher levels of viral loads in tissues and lower neutralizing antibody titers were also observed in younger ducks compared to those in older ducks. However, it should be noted that a significant drop in egg production was found in older ducks, which also indicates the susceptibility to Thai DTMUV in older ducks. Interestingly, prolonged shedding period with high viral loads was observed in older ducks even without showing clinical signs, suggesting the potential role of the older ducks as the carriers of Thai DTMUV. This finding highlights the importance of monitoring DTMUV and preventing the transmission of DTMUV in adult ducks. Overall, this study provides insights into the pathogenesis and infection dynamics of a cluster 2.1 Thai DTMUV in ducks. Infectious laryngotracheitis virus (ILTV) is an economically significant respiratory pathogen of poultry.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Thiazovivin.html  Novel recombinant strains of ILTV have emerged in Australia during the last decade and currently class 9 (CL9) and class 10 (CL10) ILTV are the most prevalent circulating strains. This study conducted a comprehensive investigation of the pathogenesis of these two viral strains. Commercial broiler and specific pathogen free (SPF) chickens were inoculated with varying doses of CL9 or CL10 ILTV and subsequently evaluated for clinical and pathological signs of infection. While no difference in the levels of acute viral replication were observed across the different challenge doses, the severity of clinical signs, tracheal pathology and mortality were dose dependent. Both strains of virus persisted in the respiratory tract for up to 14 days post inoculation (dpi) and could be detected in the lung and feathers with sporadic detection in the liver, spleen or bursa. Given the prevalence of CL9 and CL10 in Australian poultry flocks, this study provides an important foundation for the development of diagnostic and therapeutic approaches for the detection and prevention of ILTV.