BACKGROUND/AIM It is well known that patients with chronic heart failure and hypokalaemia have increased mortality risk. We investigated the impact of normalising serum potassium following an episode of hypokalaemia on short-term mortality among patients with chronic heart failure. METHODS AND RESULTS We identified 1673 patients diagnosed with chronic heart failure who had a serum potassium measurement under 3.5 mmol/l within 14 days and one year after initiated medical treatment with both loop diuretics and angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors or angiotensin-II receptor blockers. A second serum potassium measurement was required 8-30 days after the episode of hypokalaemia. All-cause mortality and cardiovascular mortality was examined within 90 days from the second serum potassium measurement. Mortality was examined according to six predefined potassium groups derived from the second measurement less then 3.5 mmol/l (n = 302), 3.5-3.7 mmol/l (n = 271), 3.8-4.1 mmol/l (n = 464), 4.2-4.4 mmol/l (n = 270), 4.37; 95% confidence interval 0.97-1.95) had a trend toward increased risk of cardiovascular mortality compared to the reference. CONCLUSION Patients with chronic heart failure and hypokalaemia, who after 8-30 days remained hypokalaemic, had a significantly higher 90-day all-cause mortality risk compared to patients in the reference group (3.8-4.1 mmol/l). Patients with chronic heart failure and hypokalaemia, who after 8-30 days had the serum potassium level increased to a level within 5.1-8.0 mmol/l, had both a significantly higher 90-day all-cause mortality risk and cardiovascular mortality risk compared to patients in the reference group (3.8-4.1 mmol/l).BACKGROUND Contemporary, nationally representative 30-day readmissions data after carotid artery stenting (CAS) and carotid endarterectomy (CEA) are lacking. METHODS Patients undergoing CAS or CEA were identified from the 2013 to 2014 Nationwide Readmissions Databases. Propensity matching was used to balance baseline clinical characteristics. Thirty-day nonelective readmission rates, length of stay, and causes of readmission were compared. RESULTS Overall, 85 337 (national estimate of 194 332) patients were identified before propensity score matching, 11 490 (13.4%) of whom underwent CAS and 73 847 (86.6%) of whom underwent CEA. Crude 30-day readmission rates were higher for patients treated with CAS than CEA (8.3% versus 6.8%; P less then 0.001), but these differences were negated in the propensity-matched cohort (n=22 214; 8.4% versus 7.9%, P=0.20), and readmission length of stay was longer for CEA than CAS (2 versus 1 day, respectively; P=0.002). The most common reasons for readmission were neurological andata provide important insights into the short-term, outcomes of patients following carotid artery revascularization.In the last two decades, numerous studies have conducted patient-specific computations of blood flow dynamics in cerebral aneurysms and reported correlations between various hemodynamic metrics and aneurysmal disease progression or treatment outcomes. Nevertheless, intra-aneurysmal flow analysis has not been adopted in current clinical practice, and hemodynamic factors usually are not considered in clinical decision making. This review presents the state of the art in cerebral aneurysm imaging and image-based modeling, discussing the advantages and limitations of each approach and focusing on the translational value of hemodynamic analysis. Combining imaging and modeling data obtained from different flow modalities can improve the accuracy and fidelity of resulting velocity fields and flow-derived factors that are thought to affect aneurysmal disease progression. It is expected that predictive models utilizing hemodynamic factors in combination with patient medical history and morphological data will outperform current risk scores and treatment guidelines. Possible future directions include novel approaches enabling data assimilation and multimodality analysis of cerebral aneurysm hemodynamics.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/iberdomide.html  Expected final online publication date for the Annual Review of Biomedical Engineering, Volume 22 is June 4, 2020. Please see http//www.annualreviews.org/page/journal/pubdates for revised estimates.AIMS Neuroinflammation and oxidative stress are deemed the prime causes of brain injury after cerebral ischemia-reperfusion (I/R). Since Sirt3 pathway plays an imperative role in protecting against neuroinflammation and oxidative stress and has been verified as a target to treat ischemia stroke. Therefore, we desired to seek novel Sirt3 agonist and explore its underlying mechanism for stroke treatment both in vivo and in vitro. RESULTS Trilobatin (TLB) not only dramatically suppressed neuroinflammation and oxidative stress injury after middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) in rats, but also effectively mitigated oxygen and glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R) injury in primary cultured astrocytes. These beneficial effects along with reduced pro-inflammatory cytokines via suppressing TLR4 signaling pathway, as well as lessened oxdative injury via activating Nrf2 signaling pathways, in keeping with the findings in vivo. Intriguingly, the TLB-mediated neuroprotection on cerebral I/R injury was modulated by reciprocity between TLR4-mediated neuroinflammatory responses and Nrf2 antioxidant responses as evidenced by molecular docking and silencing TLR4 and Nrf2, respectively. Most importantly, TLB not only directly bond to Sirt3, but also, increased Sirt3 expression and activity, indicating that Sirt3 might be a promising therapeutic target of TLB. INNOVATION TLB is a naturally-occurring Sirt3 agonist with potent neuroprotective effects both in vivo and in vitro, via regulation of TLR4/NF-κB and Nrf2/Keap-1 signaling pathways. CONCLUSION Our findings indicate that TLB protects against cerebral I/R-induced neuroinflammation and oxidative injury through the regulation of neuroinflammatory and oxidative responses via TLR4, Nrf2 and Sirt3, suggesting TLB might be a promising Sirt3 agonist against ischemic stroke.Background Transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) is widely used; however, its appropriateness is unknown. We sought to investigate the appropriateness of TAVR. Methods and Results We assigned appropriateness ratings to patients undergoing TAVR for severe aortic stenosis between October 2013 and May 2017 at 14 Japanese hospitals participating in the optimized transcatheter valvular intervention-transcatheter aortic valve implantation registry according to the US appropriate use criteria for treating severe aortic stenosis. To account for the influence of uncaptured variables on appropriate use criteria ratings, we initially assigned them to a best-case scenario where they were assumed to classify a case to the most appropriate clinical scenario and then to a worst-case scenario where assumed least appropriate. Overall proportion of TAVRs classified as appropriate, maybe appropriate, or rarely appropriate was assessed. In addition, extent of hospital-level variation in rarely appropriate procedures was evaluated.