The antibody response to the above proteins are SARS-CoV-2-specific, as antibodies against 4 common coronaviruses do not cross-react.
 
  This new assay provides a novel tool to interrogate the spectrum of immune responses to SAR-CoV-2 and is uniquely suitable for use in the transplant setting. Test configuration is essentially identical to the single antigen bead assays used in the majority of histocompatibility laboratories around the world and could easily be implemented into routine screening of transplant candidates and recipients.
 This new assay provides a novel tool to interrogate the spectrum of immune responses to SAR-CoV-2 and is uniquely suitable for use in the transplant setting. Test configuration is essentially identical to the single antigen bead assays used in the majority of histocompatibility laboratories around the world and could easily be implemented into routine screening of transplant candidates and recipients.Bacterio(phages) are bacteria-infecting viruses that employ host translation machinery to replicate, and upon cell lysis, release new particles into the environment. As a result, phages are prey-specific, thus making targeted phage therapy (PT) possible. Indeed, pre and posttransplant bacterial infections pose a substantial risk to allograft recipients in their clinical course. Moreover, with the increasing threat of antibiotic resistance, the interest in PT as a potential solution to the crisis of multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterial pathogens has rapidly grown. Although little is known about the specific characteristics of the phage-directed immune responses, recent studies indicate phages exert anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory functions, which could be beneficial in allotransplantation (allo-Tx). PT targeting MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae, Mycobacterium abscessus, and P. aeruginosa have been successfully applied in renal, lung, and liver allo-Tx patients. In parallel, the gastrointestinal microbiota appears to influence allo-Tx immunity by modulating the endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy signaling pathways through hepatic EP4/CHOP/LC3B platforms. This review highlights the current relevant immunobiology, clinical developments, and management of PT, and lays the foundation for future potential standard care use of PT in allo-Tx to mitigate early allograft dysfunction and improve outcomes. CONCLUSION With novel immunobiology and metabolomics insights, harnessing the potential of PT to modulate microbiota composition/diversity may offer safe and effective refined therapeutic means to reduce risks of infections and immunosuppression in allo-Tx recipients.
  Prediction of outcome after LT is limited by the lack of robust predictors of graft failure. In this prospective study, we aimed to define a serum glycomic signature in the first week after liver transplantation (LT) that is associated with graft loss at 3 months after LT.
 
  Patients were included between 1 January 2011 and 28 February 2017.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/s-gsk1349572.html  Glycomic analysis was performed using DNA sequencer associated fluorophore associated capillary electrophoresis (DSA-FACE) on a serum sample 1 week after LT. Making use of Lasso regression, an optimal glycomic signature was identified, associated with 3 months graft survival.
 
  In this cohort of 131 patients, graft loss at 3 months occurred in 14 patients (11.9%). The optimal mode, called the GlycoTransplantTest, yielded an AUC of 0.95 for association with graft loss at 3 months. Using an optimised cutoff for this biomarker, sensitivity was 86% and specificity 89%. Negative predictive value was 98%. OR for graft loss at 3 months was 70.211 (p<0.001, 95% CI 10.876-453.231).
 
  A serum glycomic signature is highly associated with graft loss at 3 months. It could support decision making in early retransplantation.
 A serum glycomic signature is highly associated with graft loss at 3 months. It could support decision making in early retransplantation.
  Glomerular size in renal allografts is impacted by donor-recipient factors and response to injury. In serial biopsies of patients with well-functioning grafts, increased glomerular size correlates with better survival. However, no previous study has addressed association of glomerular size at the time of a for-cause biopsy and clinical/histopathologic markers of injury, or effect on long term graft outcome.
 
  Two cohorts of kidney transplant recipients enrolled in the Deterioration of Kidney Allograft Function (DeKAF) study were evaluated The Prospective Cohort (PC, n=581) Patients undergoing first for cause kidney biopsy (KTxBx) 1.7±1.4 (mean ±SD) years posttransplant; and the Cross sectional Cohort (CSC, n=446) patients developing new-onset renal function deterioration 7.7 ± 5.6 years posttransplant . Glomerular planar surface area and diameter were measured on all glomeruli containing a vascular pole. KTxBx were read centrally in a blinded fashion according to Banff criteria.
 
  Glomerular area was significantly higher in the CSC than the PC; time from transplant to indication biopsy was associated with glomerular area in both cohorts (p-values ≤0.001). Glomerular area was associated with indices of microvascular inflammation (glomerulitis, peritubular capillary infiltrates; p-values ≤0.001) and segmental glomerulosclerosis (p-value <0.0001). In the CSC, higher glomerular area was associated with higher eGFR (p-value≤0.001) and increased graft survival after accounting for microvascular inflammation (adjusted hazard ratio =0.967; 95% CI 0.948 to 0.986; hazard ratio in biopsies without evidence of diabetes or AMR=0.919, 95% CI 0.856 to 0.987).
 
  Glomerular size is associated with histopathologic features present at the time of indication biopsy and with increased graft survival in the CSC.
 Glomerular size is associated with histopathologic features present at the time of indication biopsy and with increased graft survival in the CSC.
  In Medawar's murine neonatal tolerance model, injection of adult semi-allogeneic lymphohematopoietic cells (spleen [SC] and bone marrow [BMC]) tolerizes the neonatal immune system. Eventual clinical application would require fully allogeneic (allo) cells, yet little is known about the complex in vivo/in situ interplay between those cells and the nonconditioned neonatal immune system.
 
  To this end, labelled adult SC and BMC were injected into allogeneic neonates; interactions between donor and host cells were analyzed and modulated by systematic depletion/inactivation of specific donor and host immune effector cell types.
 
  Consistent with effector cell compositions, allo-SC and allo-SC/BMC each induced lethal acute graft-versus-host disease (aGVHD) whereas allo-BMC alone did so infrequently. CD8 T cells from SC inoculum appeared naïve while those of BMC were more memory-like. Age-dependent, cell-type dominance defined interplay between adult donor cells and the neonatal host immune system such that if the dominant adult effector type was removed then the equivalent neonatal one became dominant.