Membrane-bound proteins have been proposed to mediate the transport of long-chain fatty acid (LCFA) transport through the plasma membrane (PM). These proposals are based largely on reports that PM transport of LCFA can be blocked by a number of enzymes and purported inhibitors of LCFA transport. Here, using the ratiometric pH indicator (2',7'-bis-(2-carboxyethyl)-5-and-6-)-carboxyfluorescein (BCECF) and acrylodated intestinal fatty acid-binding protein (ADIFAB)-based dual fluorescence assays, we investigated the effects of nine inhibitors of the putative FA transporter protein CD36 on the binding and transmembrane movement of LCFA.  We particularly focused on sulfosuccidimidyl oleate (SSO), reported to be a competitive inhibitor of CD36-mediated LCFA transport. Using these assays in adipocytes and inhibitor-treated protein-free lipid vesicles, we demonstrate that rapid LCFA transport across model and biological membranes remains unchanged in the presence of these purported inhibitors. We have previously shown in live cells that CD36 does not accelerate the transport of unesterified LCFA across the PM. Our present experiments indicated disruption of LCFA metabolism inside the cell within minutes upon treatment with many of the "inhibitors", previously assumed to inhibit LCFA transport across the PM. Furthermore, using confocal microscopy and a specific anti-SSO antibody, we found that numerous intracellular and PM-bound proteins are SSO-modified in addition to CD36. Our results support the hypothesis that LCFAs diffuse rapidly across biological membranes and do not require an active protein transporter for their transmembrane movement. Published under license by The American Society for Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Inc.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES Ultrasonography of the brachial plexus (BP) has been described but there are limited data on visualization of the T1 ventral ramus and the inferior trunk. This prospective observational study aimed to evaluate a high definition ultrasound imaging technique to systematically identify the individual elements of the BP above the clavicle. METHODS Five healthy young volunteers underwent high definition ultrasound imaging of the BP above the clavicle. The ultrasound scan sequence (transverse oblique scan) commenced at the supraclavicular fossa after which the transducer was slowly swept cranially to the upper part of the interscalene groove and then in the reverse direction to the supraclavicular fossa. The unique sonomorphology of the C7 transverse process was used as the key anatomic landmark to identify the individual elements of the BP in the recorded sonograms. RESULTS The neural elements of the BP that were identified in all volunteers included the ventral rami of C5-T1, the three trunks, divisions of the superior trunk, and formation of the inferior trunk (C8-T1). The C6 ventral ramus exhibited echogenic internal septation with a split (bifid) appearance in four of the five volunteers. In three of the four volunteers with a bifid C6 ventral ramus, the C7 ventral ramus was also bifid. CONCLUSION We have demonstrated that it is feasible to accurately identify majority of the main components of the BP above the clavicle, including the T1 ventral ramus and the formation of the inferior trunk, using high definition ultrasound imaging. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER ChiCTR1900021749. © American Society of Regional Anesthesia & Pain Medicine 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Myopia is a major public health problem, particularly in East Asia. In this summary report, we present key findings and recommendations on strategies for myopia control discussed during the meeting jointly organised by the WHO Regional Office for the Western Pacific, the International Agency for the Prevention of Blindness and the Brien Holden Vision Institute. First, myopia prevalence was reported to be increasing, with up to 80% of junior school students with myopia in East Asia. However, common challenges in implementing myopia control strategies on a national level included lack of school screening programme, and paucity of accurate prevalence data. Second, there continues to be broad public misconception about myopia and myopia control, including lack of parental awareness and resistance to wearing spectacles.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/takinib.html  Third, best practices for myopia management were shared, and recommendations for policy implementation are presented in this review. Key recommendations from this meeting include increased public education to raise parent and teacher awareness; encouragement of increased outdoor time of 2-3 hours per day for schoolchildren-as a practical public health intervention that has been shown to potentially reduce onset and progression of myopia. Governments and non-governmental organisations are encouraged to collaborate, especially education and health ministries to develop national myopia prevention programme. Lastly, it is important to emphasise that the key recommendations, such as increasing outdoor time for schoolchildren, are specific for East Asian nations in the Western Pacific region and may not be entirely applicable for Western nations. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Topics for DTB review articles are selected by DTB's editorial board to provide concise overviews of medicines and other treatments to help patients get the best care. Articles include a summary of key points and a brief overview for patients. Articles may also have a series of multiple choice CME questions. © Author(s) (or their employer(s)) 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Every month, DTB scans sources of information on treatments, disease management and other healthcare topics for key items to bring to our readers' attention and help them keep up to date. To do this, we produce succinct, contextualised summaries of the information concerned. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.Every month, DTB scans sources of information on treatments, disease management and other healthcare topics for key items to bring to our readers' attention and help them keep up to date. To do this, we produce succinct, contextualised summaries of the information concerned. © BMJ Publishing Group Limited 2020. No commercial re-use. See rights and permissions. Published by BMJ.