Inorganic carbon exists in various dissolved, gaseous and solid phase forms in natural waters and soils. It is important to accurately measure and model these forms to understand system responses to global climate change. The carbonate system can, in theory, be fully constrained and modelled by measuring at least two of out of the following four parameters partial pressure (pCO2), total alkalinity (TA), pH and dissolved inorganic carbon (DIC) but this has not been demonstrated in soils. In this study, this "internal consistency" of the soil carbonate system was examined by predicting pH of soil extracts from laboratory measurement of TA through alkalinity titration for solutions in which pCO2 was fixed through equilibrating the soil solution with air with a known pCO2. This predicted pH (pHCO2) was compared with pH measured on the same soil extracts using spectrophotometric and glass electrode methods (pHspec and pHelec). Discrepancy between measured and calculated pH was within 0.00-0.1 pH unit for most samples. However, more deviation was observed for those sample with low alkalinity (≤ 0.5 meq L-1). This is likely attributable to an effect of dissolved organic matter, which can contribute alkalinity not considered in the thermodynamic carbonate model calculations; further research is required to resolve this problem. The effects of increasing soil pCO2 was modelled to illustrate how internally consistent models can be used to predict risks of pH declines and carbonate mineral dissolution in some soils.We studied Finnish 18-year-old males attending obligatory military call-up assessments in 1999 (n = 2340) and 2009 (n = 4309) on time-trend changes in psychosocial well-being, psychopathology, substance use, suicidality, bullying, and sense of coherence. Subjects filled in questionnaires, including the Young Adult Self-Report (YASR) for psychopathology and the Orientation to Life Questionnaire (SOC-13) for sense of coherence. The prevalence of minor mental health problems in the last 6 months decreased from 22.3% in 1999 to 18.6% in 2009 (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.7-0.9), whereas severe mental health problems remained stable. Suicidal thoughts decreased from 5.7 to 3.7% (OR 0.6, 95% CI 0.5-0.8). The use of illicit drugs decreased from 6.0 to 4.7% (OR 0.8, 95% CI 0.6-0.95), but being drunk at least once a week increased from 10.3 to 13.4% (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.0-1.5). Attention problems increased in YASR syndrome domains (mean score 2.9 vs 3.2, p  less then  0.001) and so did somatic complains (mean score 1.7 vs 1.9, p = 0.005). The SOC-13 scores remained stable. The percentage of males who had studied during the past 6 months increased from 91.4 to 93.4% (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.6), while being employed decreased from 64.9 to 49.4% (OR 0.5, 95% CI 0.5-0.6). The positive findings included reductions in the prevalence of suicidal thoughts and the use of illicit drugs, but being drunk at least once a week increased. Self-reported somatic problems and attention problems increased. Despite changes in society and family structures, there were only minor overall changes in psychopathology.Adolescence is a vulnerable period for psychological distress. This study aimed to comprehensively investigate the distribution of major stress-causing factors and their correlates in a large population of adolescents. A computerized self-report questionnaire was completed by 291,110 participating adolescents over a 4-year period using a cross-sectional study design. The questionnaire included items assessing demographic variables, major stressors, severity of perceived stress, and mental health outcomes such as depressed mood, suicidal ideation, and attempts. Among the major stressors, schoolwork/career was the most predominant (54.7%). However, the odds ratios for depressed mood and suicidal ideation were the highest in the stressor of conflict with peers (OR = 1.97 for depressed mood and OR = 2.00 for suicidal ideation), followed by family circumstances (OR = 1.77 and 1.94 for depressed mood and suicidal ideation, respectively). Conversely, schoolwork/career presented significantly lower odds ratios of 0.87 and 0.87 for depressed mood and suicidal ideation, respectively. This study provides important information on psychological distress related to adolescents' mental health. Although school/career was the most prevalent source of psychological stress, the odds ratios for negative health outcomes of adolescents were higher in interpersonal problems such as conflicts with parents and peers and family circumstances. The present findings might help parents and clinicians understand the psychological distress of adolescents and improve their mental health.Since the publication of the article, the authors found a small problem with Fig. 7e. Unfortunately, Fig. 7e did not contain the correct images. The correct images are shown below and do not change the conclusions.The relationship between high-risk-human-papillomavirus (HR-HPV) viral loads and residual/recurrence lesion is uncertain. This study aimed to evaluate the clinical value of HR-HPV viral loads to predict the residual/recurrence lesions among women with high-grade squamous lesions or worse (≥ HSIL) after surgery. Finally, 301 women who underwent primary screening of cervical cancer using polymerase-chain-reaction-(PCR)-reverse-dot-blot-(RDB) human papillomavirus (HPV) genotyping and cytology assays were enrolled. They received surgery and took HR-HPV viral loads with a BioPerfectus Multiplex Real-Time PCR assay.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/zanubrutini-bgb-3111.html  Colposcopy biopsies were performed in patients with HPV-16/18(+) and/or TCT ≥ ASCUS with HR-HPV(+). The risk of HR-HPV viral loads and potentials factors for residual/recurrence lesions were analyzed and the optimal cut-off values of HR-HPV viral loads were calculated. The significant differences were found in residual/recurrence lesions among patients with different ages, margin status, cytology and HR-HPV at 6 months (all P  less then  0.05). Interestingly, HPV viral loads were observed significant differences in the group of residual lesions, not recurrence group. Furthermore, except for HPV-31/33, the viral loads of HP-16/52/58 were significant differences in residual lesions. The cut-off level of HR-HPV viral loads was 5.22 copies/10,000 cells, providing viable triage for the risk of residual lesions. Compared with different follow-up methods, the HR-HPV viral loads ≥ 5.22copies/10,000 cells (HR 3.39, 95% CI 1.57-7.35) had a higher risk for developing residual lesions. HR-HPV viral loads can be a reliable predictor of residual lesions. Furthermore, women with viral loads ≥ 5.22 copies/10,000 cells may have higher risk for residual disease and should be give a more aggressive treatment and follow-up strategy.