5 mm/min, which resulted in the displacement of the filling material. The depth of dye penetration was examined under a stereomicroscope at ×30 magnification. All the analyses were performed using SPSS software version 16. < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Comparisons of mean values were done using ANOVA with Games-Howell test and ANOVA with Tukey's test. Group III demonstrated the highest mean push-out bond strength and Group I exhibited the least bond strength. A statistically significant difference was found between Group III and Group I with regard to the push-out bond strength assessment. Push-out bond strength differs among different obturation materials and obturation techniques. Push-out bond strength differs among different obturation materials and obturation techniques. Severe early childhood caries (S-ECC) is a form of dental caries which is very destructive in early childhood since involving several teeth, include the maxillary anterior teeth. Streptococcus mutans (S. mutans) play an etiological integral role of ECC so that S. mutans are considered as the predictor of dental caries. The neutrophil is a key component of the rst line of defense against microbial invasion. The essential function of neutrophil is to kill pathogenic microbes through a phagocytosis process which is mediated by Complement Receptor 1 (CR1)/ (CD35 ). To analyze the phagocytosis process of the salivary neutrophil which is mediated by innate immunity component, i.e., Complement Receptor 1/CR1 (CD35) on S-ECC. his study was an observational analysis with cross-sectional approach using -test analysis. This study employed the isolation steps of neutrophils saliva of caries-free children and the S-ECC and then conducted phagocytosis of salivary neutrophils test on S. mutans mediated by CD35 using ow cytometry. Phagocytosis of salivary neutrophils on S. mutans mediated by CD35 on caries-free (2.35 ± 0.56) is higher than that on the S-ECC (1.54 ± 0.35). It is concluded that there is a decrease of phagocytic on S. mutans mediated by Complement Receptor 1/CR1 (CD35+) on S-ECC. It is concluded that there is a decrease of phagocytic on S. mutans mediated by Complement Receptor 1/CR1 (CD35+) on S-ECC. Drying the root canals in pulp therapy is often ignored, but is essential for a successful clinical outcome. The conventional method used for drying root canals is by the use of paper points, but recently, various other methods have also been employed for this purpose. The purpose of this study was to volumetrically analyze root canal fillings in deciduous teeth, after using different canal-drying methods namely 95% ethanol, CANAL CLEAN (Cerkamed Medical Company), and Endo-Aspirator (Cerkamed Medical Company), and compare with the conventional paper point drying method. Access cavities were prepared on eighty extracted primary canines, and irrigation was done with 1% sodium hypochlorite and normal saline while enlarging the canals. The specimens were then scanned using a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and preobturation volume (X) of each tooth was measured. The teeth were then randomly divided into two groups - Group 1 - Zinc oxide eugenol (ZOE) group and Group 2 - Metapex group. Each group was furation. The epidemiological data in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia indicate that there has been increased prevalence of dental caries and increased treatment needs, with negligible rates of restorative care among the population. The restorative treatments done among the population are very limited. There are no published reports that systematically document the barriers of restorative care among the residents of Jeddah. This present paper is a humble attempt toward the study of barriers of restorative care and systematic documentation of the dental patients in a private dental school in Jeddah. The methodology adopted by the study is the preparation of a questionnaire after validation and analyzing the responses from the sample of the universe of dental patients in Jeddah. The questionnaire broadly included (1) fear of consulting a dentist, (2) dental anxiety/fear to receive dental care, (3)cost of dental treatment, (4) fee for restoration, (5) pain, and (6) experience of a dentist (fear that a student may treat them). The completed questionnaire of 22 questions was proofread by a group of general dentists to check for clarity and meaning of the statements. After the changes, the questionnaire was distributed to 275 patients. The analysis of the data in the study was done by the SPSS version 23. Chi-square was calculated for the analyses of all the independent variables. 41.4% of people have fear to visit a dentist. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Erlotinib-Hydrochloride.html Hence, this is one of the barriers of restoration. Nearly 50% have responded that restorative treatment is painful. In addition, the experience of the dentist has an impact on the respondents getting treatments in the dental clinic. 76% of the respondents have a fear when a student who has lesser experience will be treating them in the dental clinic. Dentists have to distinguish between perceived barriers and the real barriers to choosing restorative treatments. Dentists have to distinguish between perceived barriers and the real barriers to choosing restorative treatments. Caries is highly prevalent multifactorial disease, but its progression can be prevented in the initial stage of demineralization through remineralization (RML). Various materials have been proposed for the same, successful outcome can prove to be a boon in the prevention of caries. The aim of the study is to assess the RML potential of four commercially available agents so as to restore the enamel closest to its previous microhardness levels. Sixty permanent intact premolars were randomly divided into six groups Four test groups - (1) bioactive glass (BAG) Novamin (SHY-NM), (2) nano-hydroxyapatite (nHAp) (Acclaim), (3) functionalized tricalcium phosphate (f-TCP) (Clinpro Tooth Crème), and (4) grape seed extract (GSE); one positive control - (5) fluoride (1000 ppm) containing dentifrice (Colgate Calci-Lock); and one negative control - (6) distilled water. The samples were initially evaluated for baseline surface microhardness (SMH); later on, these samples were placed in the demineralizing solution for 48 h in an incubator at 37°C, and postdemineralization again SMH was measured.