https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gusacitinib.html An increasing number of elderly patients are presenting for elective surgery. Pre-operative risk assessment in this population is inexact due to the complex interplay between age, comorbidity and functional status. Frailty assessment may provide a surrogate measure of a patient's physiological reserve and aid operative decision-making. The aim of this study is to determine the association between pre-operative frailty, as assessed using the Edmonton Frail Scale, and post-operative outcomes in elderly patients undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery. A prospective analysis of 86 patients over the age of 65 undergoing elective colorectal cancer surgery at a tertiary centre between October 2017 and October 2018 was performed. Frailty assessment was conducted pre-operatively using the Edmonton Frail Scale. Primary outcomes included length of stay and post-operative complication rates. Multivariable logistic regression analyses were used to determine the influence of frailty on post-operative outcomes ine-operative optimisation.Climate change has been shown to induce shifts in the timing of life-history events. As a result, interactions between species can become disrupted, with potentially detrimental effects. Predicting these consequences has proven challenging. We apply structured population models to a well-characterised great tit-caterpillar model system and identify thresholds of temporal asynchrony, beyond which the predator population will rapidly go extinct. Our model suggests that phenotypic plasticity in predator breeding timing initially maintains temporal synchrony in the face of environmental change. However, under projections of climate change, predator plasticity was insufficient to keep pace with prey phenology. Directional evolution then accelerated, but could not prevent mismatch. Once predator phenology lagged behind prey by more than 24 days, rapid extinction was inevitable, despite previous