https://www.selleckchem.com/products/3-deazaneplanocin-a-dznep.html Hence, here, we provide an overview of studies on the eel's morphology that do not only demonstrate its relation with ecology and behavior, but also provide information for developing and installing proper and more specific management measures. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society for Integrative and Comparative Biology. All rights reserved. For permissions please email journals.permissions@oup.com.Excessive secretion of inflammatory factors (cytokine storm) plays a significant role in H1N1-induced acute pneumonia, and autophagy acts as a cell-intrinsic mechanism to regulate inflammation. Astragaloside IV (AS-IV), originating from the Astragalus root, possesses multiple pharmacological activities, such as anti-inflammation. However, the influences of AS-IV on H1N1-induced autophagy and inflammation have still remained elusive. It has been reported that H1N1 infection leads to the accumulation of autophagosomes but obstructs autophagosomes incorporating into lysosomes, while in this study, it showed that AS-IV enhanced the autophagy activation in H1N1 infection. Furthermore, we found that AS-IV promoted H1N1-triggered formation of autophagosomes and autolysosomes. Additionally, it was noted that AS-IV did not affect viral replication, mRNA level of interleukin-1 beta (IL-1β), and pro-IL-1β protein level, whereas significantly decreased secretion of IL-1β, and chloroquine (CQ, as an inhibitor of autophagy) increased secretion of IL-1β in H1N1 infection. In conclusion, AS-IV stimulates the formation of autophagosomes and the fusion of autophagosome and lysosomes in H1N1 infection and it may lead to the decreased IL-1β secretion. © FEMS 2020.BACKGROUND The global spread of carbapenem-resistant Enterobacterales (CRE) and Acinetobacter baumannii (CRAB) has prompted the reintroduction of colistin as a last-resort treatment. Although the recommended method for