© 2020 The Authors. Environmental Microbiology Reports published by Society for Applied Microbiology and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Sustainable sources of energy have been identified as a possible way out of today's oil-dependency and are being rapidly developed. In contrast, storage of energy to a large extent still relies on heavy metals in batteries. Especially when built from biomass-derived organics, organic batteries are promising alternatives for truly sustainable energy storage. First described in 2008, research on biomass-derived electrodes has been taken up by a multitude of researchers worldwide. Nowadays, in principle electrodes in batteries could be composed of all kinds of carbonized and non-carbonized biomass On the one hand, all kinds of (waste) biomass may be carbonized and used in anodes of lithium or sodium ion batteries, cathodes in metal-sulfur or metal-oxygen batteries, or as conductive additive. On the other hand, a plethora of biomolecules like quinones, flavins, or carboxylates contain redox active groups that can be used as redox active component in electrodes with very little chemical modification. Biomass-based binders can replace toxic haloginated commercial binders enabling a truly sustainable future of energy storage devices. Besides the electrodes, also electrolytes and separators may be synthesized from biomass. Recent research progress in this rapidly emerging field is summarized with focus on potentially fully biowaste-derived batteries. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.In this mini-review, the importance and implementation of green chemistry practices in the pharmaceutical industry are illustrated. With specific examples, industrially most important organic transformations are highlighted along with their applications in the synthesis of drug molecules. A brief comparison between traditional unsustainable methods and modern green methods is made to shed light on the economic and environmental benefits of greener methods. In the end, green chemistry practices in the pharmaceutical industry of India and China are also discussed. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Although cognitive theory of mind (ToM) has been largely studied within neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease (AD), studies focusing on affective ToM are relatively limited, yielding inconsistent findings. The current study aimed at investigating affective ToM abilities within different stages of AD (mild AD dementia [ADD], mild cognitive impairment [MCI], and subjective cognitive impairment [SCI]), together with its relationship with neuropsychological functioning. Eighty-one participants were tested with two different ToM tasks (Faux Pas Recognition Test [FPR] and Reading Mind in the Eyes Test [RMET]) and tests of attention, executive functions, episodic memory, and facial recognition. Our results showed two different affective ToM profiles in AD continuum while ADD group performed poorly on both tasks of ToM, MCI group displayed deteriorated performance on RMET but not on FPR. In addition, ToM performance was significantly related to episodic memory and verbal fluency within the overall sample. These findings suggest that impairment in the decoding process of emotional cues could begin even in the prodromal stage of AD. In contrast, the reasoning process of emotional information, as measured with FPR, could be preserved until the dementia stage. Moreover, the relation of affective ToM with amnestic functions and verbal abilities could provide evidence of a domain-general ToM impairment in AD. © 2020 The British Psychological Society.The advent of immune checkpoint inhibitors has improved survival in some types of cancer and brought promising prospects to cancer immunotherapy. Despite their clinical benefits, significant off-target toxicities resulting from the immune system activation have been observed, namely immune-related adverse events (irAEs), which pose to clinicians a new challenge of optimal management. With steroids being the mainstay of current management of irAEs, immunosuppressive agents are especially indicated for severe or steroid-refractory cases, based on current immunopathophysiological knowledge and on extrapolations of treatment options for primary autoimmune disorders. This review focuses on the status and recent clinical progress of immunosuppressive agents in the management of severe and steroid-refractory irAEs. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons Australia, Ltd.Three new indole diketopiperazine alkaloids, 11-methylneoechinulin E ( 1 ) and variecolorin M ( 2 ), and (+)-Variecolorin G ( 3a ), along with 12 known analogues ( 3b - 14 ), were isolated from a soft coral-associated epiphytic fungus Aspergillus sp. EGF 15-0-3. The structures of the new compounds were unambiguously established by extensive spectroscopic analyses including HRESIMS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and optical rotation measurements. The absolute configurations of 3a and 3b were determined by experimental and quantum-chemical ECD investigations and single- crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. 3 is a pair of enantiomeric mixtures with a ratio of 12. Moreover, 9 is firstly reported as a natural product. The cytotoxic activities of all the isolated compounds against NCI-H1975 gefitinib resistance (NCI-H1975/GR) cell lines were preliminarily evaluated by MTT method. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The degree by which metalloproteins partially regulate net charge ( Z ) upon electron transfer (ET) was recently measured for the first time using "protein charge ladders" of azurin, cytochrome c, and myoglobin [ Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2018, 57(19), 5364-5368]. Here, we show that Cu, Zn superoxide dismutase (SOD1) is unique among proteins in its ability to resist changes in net charge upon single ET (e.g., Δ Z ET(SOD1) = 0.05 ± 0.08 per electron, compared to Δ Z ET(Cytc) = 1.19 ± 0.02). This tight regulation of charge by SOD1 is attributed to the protonation of the bridging histidine upon copper reduction, yielding redox centers that are isoelectric at both oxidation states.  https://www.selleckchem.com/Androgen-Receptor.html  Charge regulation by SOD1 would prevent the pK a of side-chains from being perturbed by ET at the redox center. Functionally, charge regulation would allow SOD1's "electrostatic loop" to attract superoxide equally regardless of redox state during the diffusion-limited reduction and oxidation of superoxide. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co.