Our previous study showed the intrinsic ability of descending noradrenergic neurons projecting from the locus coeruleus to the spinal dorsal horn (SDH) to suppress itch-related behaviors. Noradrenaline and α1A-adrenaline receptor (α1A-AR) agonist increase inhibitory synaptic inputs onto SDH interneurons expressing gastrin-releasing peptide receptors, which are essential for itch transmission.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/atuzabrutinib.html  However, the contribution of α1A-ARs expressed in SDH inhibitory interneurons to itch-related behavior remains to be determined. In this study, RNAscope in situ hybridization revealed that Adra1a mRNA is expressed in SDH inhibitory interneurons that are positive for Slc32a1 mRNA (known as vesicular GABA transporter). Mice with conditional knock-out of α1A-ARs in inhibitory interneurons (Vgat-Cre;Adra1aflox/flox mice) exhibited an increase in scratching behavior when induced by an intradermal injection of chloroquine, but not compound 48/80, which are known as models of histamine-independent and dependent itch, respectively. Furthermore, knockout of inhibitory neuronal α1A-ARs in the SDH using the CRISPR-Cas9 system also increased the scratching behavior elicited by chloroquine but not compound 48/80. Our findings demonstrated for the first time that α1A-ARs in SDH inhibitory interneurons contribute to the regulation of itch signaling with preference for histamine-independent itch.Here, we develop k -mer substring space decomposition (Kssd), a sketching technique which is significantly faster and more accurate than current sketching methods. We show that it is the only method that can be used for large-scale dataset comparisons at population resolution on simulated and real data. Using Kssd, we prioritize references for all 1,019,179 bacteria whole genome sequencing (WGS) runs from NCBI Sequence Read Archive and find misidentification or contamination in 6164 of these. Additionally, we analyze WGS and exome runs of samples from the 1000 Genomes Project.
  UK FASHIoN was a multicentre randomised controlled trial comparing hip arthroscopic surgery (HA) with personalised hip therapy (PHT, physiotherapist-led conservative care), for patients with hip pain attributed to femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) syndrome. Our aim was to describe the treatment and trial participation experiences of patients, to contextualise the trial results and offer further information to assist treatment decision-making in FAI.
 
  We conducted in-depth semi-structured telephone interviews with a purposive sample of trial participants from each of the trial arms. They were interviewed after they received treatment and completed their first year of trial participation. Thematic analysis and constant comparison analytical approaches were used to identify themes of patient treatment experiences during the trial.
 
  Forty trial participants were interviewed in this qualitative study. Their baseline characteristics were similar to those in the main trial sample. On average, their hip-related inform future FAI patients.
 
  Arthroscopic surgery for hip impingement versus best conventional care ( ISRCTN64081839 ). 28/02/2014.
 Arthroscopic surgery for hip impingement versus best conventional care ( ISRCTN64081839 ). 28/02/2014.
  Studies indicate high rates of substance use among youth experiencing homelessness (YEH). Further, the social networks of YEH, although multi-dimensional in composition, are largely comprised of other YEH, substance users, and individuals who do not provide the youth with tangible or emotional support. For YEH who have the opportunity to enter a housing program, helping them to reduce their substance use and strengthen their prosocial supportive connections during this critical transition period may increase their stability and reduce their risk of re-entering homelessness. The goal of this study is to pilot test a brief motivational network intervention (MNI), delivered by case managers, to help former YEH who have recently transitioned to a housing program reduce their substance use and strengthen their prosocial supportive connections.
 
  Up to 60 residents of housing programs in the Los Angeles area will be randomized to receive four sessions of usual case manager support or four sessions of case managergap by pilot testing a computer-assisted MNI, delivered using MI techniques, that can help case managers work with recent YEH to reduce substance use and increase permanent supportive connections during the critical transitional period from homelessness to housing. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov Identifier NCT04637815. Registered November 10, 2020.
  Neurocysticercosis is the most common parasitic infection of the central nervous system, brain being the most frequent site. Intramedullary location of cysticercus is a rarely described entity in literature. Widespread dissemination of cysticercus is also considered a rare occurrence, and only a handful of cases are documented, almost exclusively from tropical nations. Here we present a case of disseminated cysticercosis with rare initial presentation as acute dorsal myelopathy resulting from intramedullary cysticercus.
 
  A 62-year-old male patient from India (Asian) presented with features of dorsal myelopathy as manifested by acute-onset symmetric paraparesis, sensory loss below umbilicus, and double sphincter dysfunction. General physical examination revealed pea-sized nodules in skin and tongue. On spinal cord imaging, it was found that he had intramedullary cysticercus with diffuse perilesional edema. Brain and muscle imaging showed extensive cysticercosis suggestive of dissemination. Histological examination from skin nodule and antibody assay confirmed the diagnosis of cysticercosis. Following steroid administration, our patient showed improvement with observable increase in power of the lower limbs. He was subsequently discharged with antiepileptics, symptomatic therapy, and regular physiotherapy. Antihelminthic agents were initially avoided in view of extensive cysticercosis in brain including crucial areas such as brainstem.
 
  Rare manifestation of a rare but treatable disorder makes it an important reportable observation in the context of tropical medicine.
 Rare manifestation of a rare but treatable disorder makes it an important reportable observation in the context of tropical medicine.