Dental treatment for anxious or fearful intellectually disabled children/adolescents (IDCA) may present great challenges, due to deficits in cognitive, intellectual, language, and social abilities, in conjunction with limited adaptive behavior. In many cases, it is necessary for the Dentist to implement advanced behavioral control techniques. Inclusive Dentistry (ID) considers profoundly each patient's individual interests and likes, including the social and family situations, for choosing the respective personalized plan -contemplating potential risks and benefits- for the behavior control, in order to obtain the maximal possible cooperation of the patient in the dental chair. Through ID, the Pediatric Dental Practitioner aims to alleviate the anxiety and fear of IDCA in the clinical setting, in such a way that these patients are positively motivated, on a long-term basis, for current and future oral care, both at the dental office and at home. This management approach may be a time-consuming method or require more effort by the dentist, but it reaps benefits when applied for many mild-to-moderate (and some severe) IDCA. The Practitioner must possess the knowledge, in-depth understanding, and professional training for the adequate use of ID during the behavioral management of anxious or fearful IDCA. The aim of the present report was to describe four representative clinical cases of IDCA at our Clinic, managed under the philosophical principles of ID.
  To investigate the cephalometric changes following anterior repositioning of the mandible for predicting the treatment effects in Class II adolescent patients.
 
  Lateral cephalograms of 28 patients (ANB > 4°) were taken in centric occlusion (CO) and edge-to-edge bite (EtoE) before orthodontic treatment. The patients were classified into two groups according to their mandibular plane angle [MPA; low MPA (LMPA) ≤ 28° and high MPA (HMPA) > 28°]. Cephalometric changes of hard and soft tissues were measured and analyzed with an x-y cranial base coordinate system.
 
  For CO to EtoE, there were no significant cephalometric changes between HMPA and LMPA, but the horizontal ratio of soft to hard tissue pogonion (H-Pog'/H-Pog) change was significantly greater with LMPA than with HMPA while the vertical ratio (V-Pog'/V-Pog) showed vice versa. For CO to EtoE, MPA showed significant correlations with H-Pog'/H-Pog and V-Pog'/V-Pog. Y-axis angle, V-Pog'/V-Pog and H-Pog'/H-Pog can be used as good tools to discriminate between HMPA and LMPA.
 
  Cephalometric findings for CO to EtoE may be useful in predicting the vertical and horizontal changes of hard and soft tissues with the treatment of growing adolescents having various vertical skeletal patterns of Class II malocclusion.
 Cephalometric findings for CO to EtoE may be useful in predicting the vertical and horizontal changes of hard and soft tissues with the treatment of growing adolescents having various vertical skeletal patterns of Class II malocclusion.
  This cross-sectional study evaluates the electromyographic (EMG) activity of lips and anterior temporalis muscles of children with competent or incompetent lips.
 
  Forty children were classified clinically according to their lip competence into two groups of 20 each 1) competent lips group (CLG), and 2) incompetent lips group (ILG). Surface EMG activity of the superior orbicularis oris (SOO), inferior orbicularis oris (IOO), and anterior temporalis (AT) muscles was recorded with the children seated in the upright position during the following tasks 1) at rest; 2) speaking; 3) swallowing; 4) puffing out the cheeks.
 
  ILG showed lower EMG activity than CLG in the SOO and IOO muscles at rest, similar activity in both muscles during speaking, similar activity in the SOO muscle and lower in the IOO during swallowing. ILG showed significantly higher activity than CLG in both muscles while puffing out the cheeks. In the AT muscle, ILG showed lower activity than CLG at rest, during speaking and swallowing, whereas activity was similar while puffing out the cheeks.
 
  The difference in EMG activity recorded in children with incompetent lips and with competent lips suggests that the status of their musculature could affect the position and stability of their upper/lower anterior teeth.
 The difference in EMG activity recorded in children with incompetent lips and with competent lips suggests that the status of their musculature could affect the position and stability of their upper/lower anterior teeth.Tooth transposition is a relatively rare dental anomaly of interchange in position of two adjacent teeth.
  To determine the prevalence and distribution of canine transposition in a sample of orthodontic patients and present treatment alternatives and outcome.
 
  The records of 3000 consecutively treated orthodontic patients from a university clinic were surveyed to detect canine transposition in both dental arches. The data was recorded according to gender, age, number and location.
 
  Canine transpositions were detected in 15 subjects, 3 (20%) males and 12 (80%) females presenting a prevalence of 0.5%. Of them, 6 were between the maxillary canine and first premolar, 7 between the maxillary canine and lateral incisor, 2 transpositions were between the mandibular canine and the lateral incisor. A female to male ratio of 41 with left side predominance was found. Treatment options include extracting the transposed teeth, maintaining them in their transposed position, or repositioning them in their normal place within the dental arch.
 
  The prevalence of canine transposition in the present sample was found to be 0.5% with a greater frequency in the maxilla. Treatment options include extraction of one of the transposed teeth, alignment of the teeth in their transposed position or correction of the anomaly.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gsk2879552-2hcl.html  The latter gives the best esthetic outcome.
 The prevalence of canine transposition in the present sample was found to be 0.5% with a greater frequency in the maxilla. Treatment options include extraction of one of the transposed teeth, alignment of the teeth in their transposed position or correction of the anomaly. The latter gives the best esthetic outcome.