https://www.selleckchem.com/products/kn-62.html In recent decades, because of advances in technology there has been an explosion of knowledge on how microbiome affects human health. In most chronic immune-inflammatory diseases, alterations in gut microbiome has been shown. The successful use of faecal microbial transplants for the treatment of clostridium difficile associated diarrhoea has also paved the way for novel therapies. Gut microbiome is affected by early life events like the mode of delivery, breast feeding, the use of antibiotics, etc. and that may have an indirect effect on the developing immune system as well as on the predisposition to juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA). Multiple studies have found altered gut microbiome in JIA though no single organism or microbial community has been found to be associated with JIA. In JIA, attempts to modify gut microbiome by using probiotics, exclusive enteral nutrition and other modalities have had variable success. The current review discusses the current data available on gut microbiome in different categories of JIA and how this knowledge can translate into new therapies. BACKGROUND Distinguishing a urinary tract infection (UTI) from asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) in children with neuropathic bladders is difficult. Currently used markers of infection, such as the routine urinalysis, lack specificity for UTI in this population. The urinary microbiome may help differentiate these states. OBJECTIVE The objective of this work was to describe the baseline microbiome in children with neuropathic bladders, and to determine if differences exist among the urine microbiomes of children with neuropathic bladders who have negative urine cultures, ASB, or UTI. STUDY DESIGN This is a cross-sectional study of children with neuropathic bladders who use clean intermittent catheterization for bladder management who had a urine culture sent as part of clinical management. Residual urine, initially collected via catheter for urine