Currently, little is known about the host pathogen interaction between Phytophthora and citrus roots versus leaves. Therefore, we compared the molecular events occurring in citrus roots and leaves after zoospore inoculation with Phytophthora nicotianae (P.n.). We analyzed the physical characters and genetic responses to P.n. infection of leaves and roots for susceptible and tolerant citrus rootstocks to examine the potential for leaves to model root responses to P.n.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/azd3229.html  infection. Leaves responded faster and stronger to P.n. infection than roots, and leaves showed greater differential response than roots. In addition to differences in hormonal responses, sugar, phospholipases D (PLD) and phospholipases A (PLA) involvement in the interaction between citrus and P.n. was identified. This work for the first time creates a solid P.n. zoospore infection protocol, reports P.n. infection on citrus leaves through stomata, and provides evidence that different host organs respond to the pathogen differentially in timing and magnitude. This work identifies the hormones, sugars, pathogenesis-related (PR) genes, PLDs, and PLAs that are involved in the molecular events occurring in citrus under infection of P.n. zoospore, and advances our understanding of the mechanisms underlying the interaction.Background Systematic reviews in health professions education may well under-report struggles to synthesize disparate evidence that defies standard quantitative approaches. This paper reports further process analysis in a previously reported systematic review about mobile devices on clinical placements.Objective For a troublesome systematic review (1) Analyse further the distribution and reliability of classifying the evidence to Maxwell quality dimensions (beyond 'Does it work?') and their overlap with Kirkpatrick K-levels. (2) Analyse how the abstracts represented those dimensions of the evidence-base. (3) Reflect on difficulties in synthesis and merits of Maxwell dimensions.Design Following integrative synthesis of 45 K2-K4 primary studies (by combined content-thematic analysis in the pragmatism paradigm) (1) Hierarchical cluster analysis explored overlap between Maxwell dimensions and K-levels. Independent and consensus-coding to Maxwell dimensions compared (using percentages; kappa; McNemar hypothesis-testing) pre- vs post-discussion and (2) article abstract vs main body. (3) Narrative summary captured process difficulties and merits.Results (1) The largest cluster (five-cluster dendrogram) was acceptability-accessibility-K1-appropriateness-K3, with K1 and K4 widely separated. For article main bodies, independent coding agreed most for appropriateness (good; adjusted kappa = 0.78). Evidence increased significantly pre-post-discussion about acceptability (p = 0.008; 31/45→39/45), accessibility, and equity-ethics-professionalism. (2) Abstracts suggested efficiency significantly less than main bodies evidenced 31.1% vs 44.4%, p = 0.031. 3) Challenges and merits emerged for before, during, and after the review.Conclusions There should be more systematic reporting of process analysis about difficulties synthesizing suboptimal evidence-bases. In this example, Maxwell dimensions were a useful framework beyond K-levels for classifying and synthesizing the evidence-base.In 2018, Australia's Therapeutic Goods Administration introduced regulatory reforms that set stricter criteria around the regulation of products derived from a patient's own cells and tissues, posing significant implications for clinics offering stem cell treatments. We review the regulatory framework and discuss its potential commercial implications, including the ambiguities that may arise from it in practice, as well as the likely impact it will have on product development and advertising practices in the future.Research shows that the Unresolved-disorganized attachment representation (U), resulting from experiences of loss or abuse, is associated with a range of psychiatric conditions. However, clinical implications of U are yet unclear.Objective To investigate how U is related to symptoms and recovery of eating disorder (ED) patients.Method First, 38 ED patients starting psychotherapeutic treatment were compared to 20 controls without ED on the prevalence of U, assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview. Second, in the patient group relations between U and ED symptoms, depression, anxiety and subjective experience of symptoms were investigated. Third, we compared, 1 year afterwards, recovery of patients with and without U.Results The prevalence of U was higher in ED patients than in controls. Symptom severity was not related to U. ED patients with U at the start of treatment improved significantly more regarding anxiety, depression and subjective experience of symptoms than did patients without U.Discussion The differential recovery of ED patients with or without U confirms the trauma-related heterogeneity of patients found in other diagnostic groups and calls for further investigation into the treatment needs of patients with different attachment representations.Reliable methods to measure stress-related glucocorticoid responses in free-ranging animals are important for wildlife management and conservation. Such methods are also paramount for our ability to improve our knowledge of the ecological consequences of physiological processes. The brown bear (Ursus arctos) is a large carnivore of ecological and cultural importance and is important for management. Here, we provide a physiological validation for an enzyme immunoassay (EIA) to quantify glucocorticoid metabolites in brown bear feces. We also provide an evaluation of the effects of sample exposure to ambient temperature on measured fecal glucocorticoid metabolite (fGCM) concentrations. We evaluated three EIA systems a cortisol assay, an 11-oxoetiocholanolone assay, and an 11β-hydroxyetiocholanolone assay. Of these, the cortisol assay provided the best discrimination between peak fGCM concentrations detected 1-4 d after injections of synthetic adrenocorticotrophic hormone and preinjection baseline concentrations in four individual brown bears. The time of exposure to ambient temperature had substantial but variable effects on measured fGCM concentrations, including variation both between samples from the same individual and among samples from different bears. We propose that the validated EIA system for measuring fGCM concentrations in the brown bear could be a useful noninvasive method to monitor stress in this species. However, we highlight that this method requires that fecal samples be frozen immediately after defecation, which could be a limitation in many field situations.