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 Adenovirus (HAdV) infection is a common cause of illness among young children, immunocompromised patients, and transplant recipients. The majority of HAdV infections are self-limited, but recurring infection is frequently encountered in young children that may require hospitalization. In this study, we surveyed the presence of HAdV in tonsillectomy samples and investigated epigenetic conditions that contributed to HAdV reactivation. HAdV DNA was detected from 86.7% donors. The lymphocytes isolated from the samples failed to produce infectious HAdV after incubation, suggesting the viruses remained latent status. To determine whether epigenetic factors played a role in HAdV reactivation, isolated lymphocytes were treated with a small compound library. Viral DNA replication and infectious HAdV production was assayed by PCR and by a secondary infection assay. We identified several compounds, mainly pan- and selective- HDAC inhibitors, that showed activity to reactivate HAdV from latency. The viruses were isolatedetylase inhibitors that promoted adenovirus reactivation evidenced by increased viral DNA replication and production of infectious viruses. The human tonsils are covered with bacterial pathogens that may utilize pathogen-associated pattern molecules or metabolites to cause epigenetic activation and proinflammatory gene transcription, which may lead to viral reactivation from latency. The study shows that recurrent adenovirus infection could arise from reactivation of residing virus from previous infections. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.West Nile virus (WNV), a member of the Flavivirus genus and currently one of the most common arboviruses worldwide, is associated with severe neurological disease in humans. Its high potential to re-emerge and rapidly disseminate makes it a bona fide global public health problem. The surface membrane glycoprotein (M) has been associated with Flavivirus-induced pathogenesis. Here we identify a key amino acid residue at position 36 of the M protein whose mutation impacts WNV secretion and promotes viral attenuation. We also identified a compensatory site at position M-43 whose mutation stabilizes M-36 substitution both in vitro and in vivo Moreover, we find that introduction of the two mutations together confers a full attenuation phenotype and protection against wild-type WNV lethal challenge, eliciting potent neutralizing antibody production in mice. Our study thus establishes the M protein as a new viral target for rational design of attenuated WNV strains.IMPORTANCE West Nile virus (WNV) is a worldwide (re)al.OBJECTIVE To validate quantitative diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) MRI thresholds that correlate with poor outcome in comatose cardiac arrest survivors, we conducted a clinician-blinded study and prospectively obtained MRIs from comatose patients after cardiac arrest. METHODS Consecutive comatose post-cardiac arrest adult patients were prospectively enrolled. MRIs obtained within 7 days after arrest were evaluated. The clinical team was blinded to the DWI MRI results and followed a prescribed prognostication algorithm. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values and thresholds differentiating good and poor outcome were analyzed. Poor outcome was defined as a Glasgow Outcome Scale score of ≤2 at 6 months after arrest. RESULTS Ninety-seven patients were included, and 75 patients (77%) had MRIs. In 51 patients with MRI completed by postarrest day 7, the prespecified threshold of >10% of brain tissue with an ADC 10% of brain tissue in an MRI obtained by postarrest day 7 is highly specific for poor outcome in comatose patients after cardiac arrest. © 2020 American Academy of Neurology.OBJECTIVE To evaluate the association between long-term exposure to ambient air pollution and cognitive decline in older adults residing in an urban area. METHODS Data for this study were obtained from 2 prospective cohorts of residents in the northern Manhattan area of New York City the Washington Heights-Inwood Community Aging Project (WHICAP) and the Northern Manhattan Study (NOMAS). Participants of both cohorts received in-depth neuropsychological testing at enrollment and during follow-up.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html   https://www.selleckchem.com/products/abt-199.html  In each cohort, we used inverse probability weighted linear mixed models to evaluate the cross-sectional and longitudinal associations between markers of average residential ambient air pollution (nitrogen dioxide [NO2], fine particulate matter [PM2.5], and respirable particulate matter [PM10]) levels in the year prior to enrollment and measures of global and domain-specific cognition, adjusting for sociodemographic factors, temporal trends, and censoring. RESULTS Among 5,330 participants in WHICAP, an increase in NO2 was associated with a 0.22 SD lower global cognitive score at enrollment (95% confidence interval [CI], -0.30, -0.14) and 0.06 SD (95% CI, -0.08, -0.04) more rapid decline in cognitive scores between visits. Results were similar for PM2.5 and PM10 and across functional cognitive domains. We found no evidence of an association between pollution and cognitive function in NOMAS. CONCLUSION WHICAP participants living in areas with higher levels of ambient air pollutants have lower cognitive scores at enrollment and more rapid rates of cognitive decline over time. In NOMAS, a smaller cohort with fewer repeat measurements, we found no statistically significant associations. These results add to the evidence regarding the adverse effect of air pollution on cognitive aging and brain health. © 2020 American Academy of Neurology.Funds flow arrangements define the financial relationships between departments, medical centers, and university entities within a coordinated academic health system. Although these funds flow frameworks differ, common themes emerge including those that are unique in their influence on academic departments of neurology. Here, we review various funds flow models and their application. Four typical models are described, highlighting the advantages and disadvantages of each for neurology, keeping in mind that most academic health systems use a hybrid model. Several considerations are important when neurology departmental leadership participates in crafting or revising of these funds flow agreements, including choice of benchmarking targets, planning and funding for future growth, demonstrating value, and supporting nonclinical missions including education and research. The American Academy of Neurology Academic Initiative aims to continue to help academic departments nationally understand these issues and define funds flow arrangements that incorporate the unique characteristics of our specialty and allow us to provide outstanding care for patients while supporting the broad missions of neurology departments.