The NO2-differential absorption lidar (NO2-DIAL) technique has been of great interest for atmospheric NO2 profiling. Comprehensive studies on measurement errors in the NO2-DIAL technique are vital for the accurate retrieval of the NO2 concentration. This work investigates the systematic errors of the recently developed continuous-wave (CW) NO2-DIAL technique based on the Scheimpflug principle and a high-power CW multimode laser diode. Systematic errors introduced by various factors, e.g., uncertainty of the NO2 differential absorption cross-section, differential absorption due to other gases, spectral drifting of the λ o n and λ o f f wavelengths, wavelength-dependent extinction and backscattering effect, have been theoretically and experimentally studied for the CW-DIAL technique. By performing real-time spectral monitoring on the emission spectrum of the laser diode, the effect of spectral drifting on the NO2 differential absorption cross-section is negligible. The temperature-dependent NO2 absorption cross-section in the region of 220-294 K can be interpolated by employing a linear fitting method based on high-precision absorption spectra at 220, 240, and 294 K. The relative error for the retrieval of the NO2 concentration is estimated to be less than 0.34% when employing the interpolated spectrum. The primary interference molecule is found to be the glyoxal (CHOCHO), which should be carefully evaluated according to its relative concentration in respect to NO2. The systematic error introduced by the backscattering effect is subjected to the spatial variation of the aerosol load, while the extinction-induced systematic error is primarily determined by the difference between the aerosol extinction coefficients at λ o n and λ o f f wavelengths. A case study has been carried out to demonstrate the evaluation of systematic errors for practical NO2 monitoring. The comprehensive investigation on systematic errors in this work can be of great value for future NO2 monitoring using the DIAL technique.In this paper, we present a new, to the best of our knowledge, structure of double pinhole/micro-lens array (DP/MLA) with two center-depth planes, used for improving the depth-of-field (DOF) of integral imaging (II), which can be fabricated by a combination of lithography and inkjet printing. The results show that a black circular groove array prepared by lithography can be used for micro-lens location and reduce the stray light for II. By controlling the parameters of the inkjet printing system, DP/MLA with high precision, high alignment, and good focusing ability can be achieved.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/tideglusib.html  When the fabricated DP/MLA is applied in the II system, the reconstructed image has a better three-dimensional (3D) image with higher DOF than that by traditional MLA and higher quality than that by ordinary double-layer MLA.In space defense, utilizing the micromotion features to distinguish real targets from interfering targets and decoys is effective. Due to the imaging of the high-speed precession target by microwave radar consisting of isolated scattering centers, there are many difficulties in using inverse synthetic aperture radar (ISAR) images for feature extraction. On the other hand, the inverse synthetic aperture ladar (ISAL) image is relatively continuous because of the short wavelength of laser, and the image sequence contains information about the variation in image length and Doppler width caused by target precession, which can be used for inverse motion parameters. By establishing an observation model of the precession target and performing image processing on the obtained ISAL image at different times, the image length sequence and Doppler width sequence can be obtained. Using the ellipse fitting method to process the obtained sequence, the precession parameters of the target can be obtained. The algorithm does not require prior information such as the radius and speed of the target motion, effectively improving the practicability of the algorithm. Finally, the effectiveness of the algorithm is verified by experimental results, and the error is controlled within 2%.In this paper, we demonstrate the selection of radiation from the stimulated Raman scattered radiation, while using a spectral filter, based on a high-reflection fiber Bragg grating and an optical circulator. As a result, a stable pulsed signal was obtained at a wavelength of 1125 nm with a repetition rate of 1 MHz. The pulse duration and energy varied from 120 to 173 ps and 9 to 15 nJ, respectively, depending on the operating regimes of the master oscillator and amplifier.A laboratory-prepared wedge-shaped fiber probe using step-index multimode plastic optical fiber was described and tested in a lab-scale gas-liquid flow generator. A three-dimensional model was established in order to fully simulate the process of bubble piercing by the optical fiber probe. A theoretical analysis of the luminous intensity distribution of the light transmission in the process of bubble piercing was undertaken under conditions of different relative positions between the fiber probe and the bubble axis. Using this analytical method, it was possible to accurately define the range of the central region of the bubble where the presignal appeared.Modern Flash X-ray diffraction Imaging (FXI) acquires diffraction signals from single biomolecules at a high repetition rate from X-ray Free Electron Lasers (XFELs), easily obtaining millions of 2D diffraction patterns from a single experiment. Due to the stochastic nature of FXI experiments and the massive volumes of data, retrieving 3D electron densities from raw 2D diffraction patterns is a challenging and time-consuming task. We propose a semi-automatic data analysis pipeline for FXI experiments, which includes four steps hit-finding and preliminary filtering, pattern classification, 3D Fourier reconstruction, and post-analysis. We also include a recently developed bootstrap methodology in the post-analysis step for uncertainty analysis and quality control. To achieve the best possible resolution, we further suggest using background subtraction, signal windowing, and convex optimization techniques when retrieving the Fourier phases in the post-analysis step. As an application example, we quantified the 3D electron structure of the PR772 virus using the proposed data analysis pipeline.