This study examined the feasibility, safety, and potential efficacy of lisdexamfetamine (LDX) as a treatment for adults with bulimia nervosa (BN).
 
  An open-label 8-week feasibility study was conducted in participants with BN. Enrollment rate, dropout rate, safety outcomes, and eating disorder symptom change were examined.
 
  Eighteen of 23 participants completed the study per protocol. There was no participant-initiated dropout due to adverse drug reactions and no severe and unexpected adverse drug reactions. An average increase in heart rate of 12.1 beats/min was observed. There was a mean weight reduction of 2.1 kg and one participant was withdrawn for clinically significant weight loss. In the intent-to-treat sample, there were reductions in objective binge episodes and compensatory behaviors from Baseline to Post/End-of-Treatment (mean difference = -29.83, 95% confidence interval -43.38 to -16.27; and mean difference = -33.78, 95% confidence interval -48.74 to -18.82, respectively).
 
  Results of this study indicate that a randomized controlled trial would be feasible with close monitoring of certain safety parameters (especially over a longer time period as long-term safety is unknown). However, the results should not be used as evidence for clinicians to prescribe LDX to individuals with BN before its efficacy and safety are properly tested.
 
  NCT03397446.
 NCT03397446.Neurosphere cultures have been used to propagate and study the intrinsic properties of neural stem cells (NSCs) for more than two decades but this method has many limitations. It is well known that neurospheres fuse in culture, but the long-term biological consequences of this phenomena are not well characterized. We leveraged the fusion behavior of human neurospheres to improve upon this technique with our Neurosphere-derived organoid-like aggregates (NEDAS) culture method, allowing the fusion of human NSCs at high density, which were maintained in orbital shaker conditions for 8-12 weeks without passing leading to the formation of 3D organoid-like aggregates without the use of Matrigel. NEDAS organoids proliferate and self-organize into neural rosettes, expressing PAX6 and SOX2 in ventricular zone (VZ)-like proliferative areas. Outside these rosettes, we identified corridors of migratory radial glial progenitors expressing Phospo-vimentin, CRYAB. In addition to DLX2, CXCR4 + progenitors. Further, we found immature neurons within cortical-like areas highly enriched for DCX and TUJ1, in addition to GABA+ and excitatory VGLUT1+ neurons. Here, we provide a protocol to generate NEDAS, additionally, we present a protocol for immunostaining of NEDAS organoids for confocal imaging. This protocol may be useful to dissect the self-organization and morphogenetic programs of populations of human NSCs offering an advantageous alternative to the conventional neurospheres method, generating more cell type diversity, within tissue-like aggregates over extended periods of time without dissociation or passing.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/bevacizumab.html  NEDAS may be a complementary method to cerebral organoids protocols from IPSCs. © 2021 Wiley Periodicals LLC. Basic Protocol 1 Preparation and expansion of cultures of human neural stem cells in reduced growth factor basement matrix Basic Protocol 2 Formation and fusion of neurospheres derived matrigel-free organoid-like aggregates (NEDAS) Basic Protocol 3 Harvest, cryosection, and imaging protocol for NEDAS.Four new hexanuclear niobium cluster compounds of the general formula [Nb6 Cl12 (HIm)6 ](A)n  ⋅ x(solvent molecule) (HIm=1H-imidazole, A=mineral acid anion, Cl- (n=2) (1), (SO4 )2- (n=1) (2), (CrO4 )2- (n=1) (3), and (HAsO4 )2- (n=1) (4)) were prepared. Their synthesis can be done in basic ionic liquids, which form on the addition of a mineral acid, which also delivers the counter anion for the final cluster compound, to an excess of the 1H-imidazole. Some addition of an auxiliary solvent, like methanol, improves the speed of crystallisation. The cluster unit comprises a hexanuclear Nb6 unit of octahedral shape with the edges bridged by Cl atoms and the exo sites being occupied by N-bonded 1H-imidazole ligands. The cluster cation carries sixteen cluster-based electrons. Between the NH groups of the ligands of the cluster unit, the anions and the co-crystallised water (1), or 1H-imidazole and methanol molecules (2, 3, and 4) a network of hydrogen bonds exists.Theta oscillations in the hippocampal local field potential (LFP) appear during translational movement and arousal, modulate the activity of principal cells, and are associated with spatial cognition and episodic memory function. All known anxiolytics slightly but consistently reduce hippocampal theta frequency. However, whether this electrophysiological effect is mechanistically related to the decreased behavioral expression of anxiety is currently unclear. Here, we propose that a reduction in theta frequency affects synaptic plasticity and mnemonic function and that this can explain the reduction in anxiety behavior. We test this hypothesis in a biophysical model of contextual fear conditioning. First, we confirm that our model reproduces previous empirical results regarding the dependence of synaptic plasticity on presynaptic firing rate. Next, we investigate how theta frequency during contextual conditioning impacts learning. These simulations demonstrate that learned associations between threat and context are attenuated when learning takes place under reduced theta frequency. Additionally, our simulations demonstrate that learned associations result in increased theta activity in the amygdala, consistent with empirical data. In summary, we propose a mechanism that can account for the behavioral effect of anxiolytics by impairing the integration of threat attributes of an environment into the cognitive map due to reduced synaptic potentiation.
  An isovolumetric intragastric balloon to continuously measure gastric phasic contractility was recently developed by us. We aimed to investigate the readout of this technique in relation to gastric content and gastric emptying.
 
  In this crossover investigation, the VIPUN
  Gastric Monitoring System, which comprises a double lumen nasogastric feeding tube with integrated intragastric balloon, was used to assess phasic gastric contractility by interpretation of the pressure in an isovolumetric balloon in 10 healthy subjects. Balloon pressure was recorded in fasted state, during a 2-hour intragastric nutrient infusion (1kcal/ml at 25, 75, or 250ml/h) and 4hours post-infusion, and quantified as Gastric Balloon Motility Index (GBMI), ranging from 0 (no contractility) to 1 (maximal contractility). Gastric accumulation was quantified with magnetic resonance imaging and gastric emptying with a
  C-breath test. Results are expressed as mean(SD).
 
  GBMI was significantly lower during infusion at 250ml/h compared to baseline (0.