Future studies with larger samples and homogenous populations should be performed to obtain conclusive results.PURPOSE The present study aimed to estimate the reliability, standard error of measurement (SEM), and minimum detectable change (MDC) of the star excursion balance test (SEBT) in children with cerebral palsy (CP). METHODS Eight children with CP (five boys and three girls, sixteen legs) participated in this study. Each child carried out the SEBT and was assessed by two examiners. To determine intra-rater reliability, the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC) model (3, 3) was calculated. To determine the inter-rater reliability, the ICC model (2, 3) was computed. RESULTS In terms of the intra-rater reliability of the SEBT, the ICC varied from 0.98 to 0.99 and the total ICC score was 0.99 (p less then 0.001). For the inter-rater reliability, the ICC varied from 0.98 to 1.00 and the total ICC score was 0.99 (p less then 0.001). The SEBT had an SEM of 2.63 and an MDC of 7.31. CONCLUSION The SEBT is not only reliable with a small SEM, but is also a simple and cheap assessment of dynamic balance in children with CP.BACKGROUND Previously we found that a group of phosphorylated proteins (SBLINGs) in bone binds with Ti-device, and increases the early bone formation around the Ti-implants remarkably. From these results, we explained the biochemical mechanism of a strong bond between living bone and Ti, which Brånemark had discovered. For the clinical application of our findings, we need a large amount of these proteins or their substitutes. OBJECTIVEWe wanted to create a new molecule that equips with essential functions of SIBLINGs, Ti-binding, and bone enhancement around the Ti implant. METHODS We chemically phosphorylated chitin and obtained a soluble form of phosphorylated chitin (P-chitin). In this solution, we immersed the Ti-devices of web-form (TW) which we have previously developed and obtained the P-chitin coated TWs. Then we tested the P-chitin coated TWs for their calcification ability in vitro, and bone enhancing ability in vivo, by implanting them into rat calvaria. We compared the P-chitin coated TW and the non-coated TW in regard to their calcification and bone enhancing abilities. RESULTS Ti-devices coated with phosphorylated-chitin induced ten times higher calcification in vitro at 20 days, and four times more elevated amount of bone formation in vivo at two weeks than the uncoated Ti-device. CONCLUSIONS We concluded that phosphorylated chitin could be a partial substitute of bone SUBLING proteins and clinically applicable to accelerate bone formation around the Ti implants, thereby achieving the strong bond between living bone and Ti.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/combretastatin-a4.html  ABBREVIATIONS SIBLING, small integrin-binding ligand, n-linked glycoprotein; PBS, phosphate-buffered saline; P-chitin, phosphorylated chitin; TW, Ti-device of web-form.BACKGROUND Burn wounds are one of the most frequent and devastating injuries for patients which requires extensive care. Early treatment of the burn wounds improve healing significantly. OBJECTIVE This study was designed to investigate the efficacy of amnion and collagen-based hydrogels on cutaneous burn wound healing in rats with covering membrane. METHODS We prepared a novel cell free hydrogel comprising human amnion, rabbit collagen, carboxymethyl cellulose sodium salt, citric acid, methyl paraben, propyl paraben, glycerin and triethanol amine. The wound covering membrane was developed from rabbit collagen and prawn shell chitosan. Beside swelling ratio, water absorption, equilibrium water content, gel fraction and spreadability analysis, in vitro cytotoxicity and biocompatibility tests were performed for the formulated hydrogels. Following the skin irritation study, second-degree burns were created on dorsal region of the rats and the gels were applied with/without covering membrane to study the wound contimes, complexities, storing, and presence of living biomaterials.Wrist arthroscopy is a useful surgical technique that has been steadily gaining popularity since the 1980s. In addition to being a valuable diagnostic tool, wrist arthroscopy can be used for an expanding array of therapeutic interventions and is an attractive, minimally invasive treatment modality for patients. However, wrist arthroscopy is not without its complications, and a detailed understanding of the relevant anatomy, instrumentation, and methodology is critical for success.Meniscus surgery has dramatically changed over the last 20 years. This article reviews the advances and current evidence in meniscus repair.Limb alignment is a critically important factor to consider in the management of the patient with knee arthritis. Abnormal alignment is associated with the accelerated progression of osteoarthritis and, if not addressed at the time of surgery, may contribute to early failure of knee replacement implants. The contribution of the hindfoot to overall limb alignment has received limited attention in the context of deformity correction in total knee arthroplasty (TKA). In this review, we present evidence supporting the inclusion of the hindfoot in the consideration of overall limb alignment for TKA and propose a management algorithm.Bone tunnel-related issues are frequently encountered during revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction. Tunnel malposition, widening, and interference pose unique challenges that may complicate surgery and compromise outcomes. Preoperative planning is critical to identify and characterize bone tunnel pathology. Choice of technique, graft, and implant are influenced by numerous patientrelated and technical factors. Despite this complexity, a variety of strategies are available to help manage and navigate common bone tunnel problems. Among these include alternative techniques for reaming, bone grafting, and fixation. This review provides a modern evidence-based and practical guide to equip the orthopedic surgeon with a systematic approach to the evaluation and management of bone tunnel-related issues encountered during revision anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries in children and adolescents are increasing every year. This patient population has unique risk factors and treatment considerations depending on specific patient factors and the level of bone maturity. This review summarizes the current data regarding pertinent features of the history and physical exam, indications for nonoperative management, assessment of skeletal maturity, and the surgical management of patients based on their unique physeal considerations. To prevent physeal injury, the surgical considerations differ from the adult population with respect to graft choice, location of fixation, reconstruction technique, and postoperative protocol. Orthopedic surgeons should be familiar with the various surgical techniques, graft selection choices, postoperative rehabilitation programs, controversies, and outcomes associated with the management of ACL injuries in the pediatric population.