© 2020 Milbank Memorial Fund.Production of reactive oxygen species (ROS) by NADPH oxidases (NOXs) impacts many processes in animals and plants, and many plant receptor pathways involve rapid, NOX-dependent increases of ROS. Yet, their general reactivity has made it challenging to pinpoint the precise role and immediate molecular action of ROS. A well-understood ROS action in plants is to provide the co-substrate for lignin peroxidases in the cell wall. Lignin can be deposited with exquisite spatial control, but the underlying mechanisms have remained elusive. Here, we establish a kinase signaling relay that exerts direct, spatial control over ROS production and lignification within the cell wall. We show that polar localization of a single kinase component is crucial for pathway function. Our data indicate that an intersection of more broadly localized components allows for micrometer-scale precision of lignification and that this system is triggered through initiation of ROS production as a critical peroxidase co-substrate. © 2020 The Authors. Published under the terms of the CC BY 4.0 license.BACKGROUND Esophageal adenocarcinoma is often associated with late diagnoses, poor prognoses, significant morbidities and high mortality rates. Aberrant expression of Wnt/β-catenin signal pathways were observed in the tumorigenesis and metastasis of esophageal adenocarcinoma. Sorting nexins 3 has been shown to participate in Wnt protein sorting and regulate Wnt/β-catenin signal transduction. Thus we studied the role and molecular mechanism of sorting nexins 3 in esophageal adenocarcinoma. METHODS Tissue microassay were used to analyze the expression of sorting nexins 3 in esophageal adenocarcinoma tissue, and its relationship with survival rate. Using in vivo and in vitro models, we further investigated the effect of sorting nexins 3 on tumor growth and metastasis, and underling mechanism. RESULTS Immunohistochemical staining of human esophageal adenocarcinoma tissue microassay revealed an increased sorting nexins 3 level in esophageal adenocarcinoma tissue and high expression of sorting nexins 3 correlated with the poor prognosis. In vitro study showed that sorting nexins 3 knockdown suppressed esophageal adenocarcinoma cell invasion, metastasis and EMT process, and this result was confirmed by in vivo tumor metastasis assays. Moreover, we further proved that sorting nexins 3 affected cell invasion and epithelial-mesenchymal translation through Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. CONCLUSION Our data provided strong evidence that sorting nexins 3 played a critical role in esophageal adenocarcinoma metastasis through Wnt/β-catenin signal pathway. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND Long outdoor stay may cause hazardous exposure to ultraviolet radiation (UVR) from the sun even at high latitudes as in Sweden (Spring to Autumn). On the other hand long outdoor stay is a strong predictor of primary school children´s free mobility involving moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA). UV protective outdoor environments enables long outdoor stay. We investigated the concurrent impact of different school outdoor play settings upon pupils´ sun exposure and levels of physical activity across different ages, genders and seasons. METHOD During one week each in September, March and May UVR exposure and MVPA were measured in pupils aged 7-11 years. Erythemally effective UVR exposure was measured by polysulphone film dosimeters, and MVPA by accelerometers.Schoolyard play was recorded on maps, and used areas defined as four play settings (fixed play equipment, paved surfaces, sport fields, green settings), categorized by season and gender. RESULTS During the academic year sport fields yielded the highest UVR exposures and generated most time in MVPA. In March, time outdoors and minutes in MVPA dropped and UVR exposures were suberythemal at all play settings. In May green settings and fixed play equipment close to greenery promoted MVPA and protected from solar overexposure during long outdoor stays. CONCLUSION More outdoor activities in early spring are recommended. In May, greenery attractive for play could protect against overexposure to UVR, and stimulate both girls and boys to vigorous play. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND AND AIM Corticosteroids alone or in combination therapy are associated with favorable biochemical responses in metastatic castration-resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC). We speculated that the intermittent addition of dexamethasone may also enhance the antitumor effect of radioligand therapy (RLT) with 177 Lu-prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA)-617. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-one patients with mCRPC were treated with 1 to 5 cycles of 177 Lu-PSMA-617 (6.0-7.4 GBq per cycle) at 6 to 8 weeks intervals. Based on the clinical decision (eg, in the case of vertebral metastases), 56% of patients received 4 mg of dexamethasone for the first 5 days of each cycle. Biochemical response rates, PSA decline and progression-free survival (PFS) were analyzed after one, three, and five cycles of RLT. RESULTS PSA response rates were not significantly different between patients receiving 177 Lu-PSMA-617 plus dexamethasone and those receiving 177 Lu-PSMA-617 alone after one, three, and five cycles (33% vs 39%, P spective setting. © 2020 The Authors. The Prostate published by Wiley Periodicals LLC.Spirulina acts as a good dietary nutritional supplement. However, few research studies have been conducted on its fermentation. Three groups of probiotic combinations, lactic acid bacteria, Bacillus strains, and their mixture, were used to investigate Spirulina fermentation.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/colcemid.html  The results showed that lactic acid bacteria significantly increased the content of amino acids and the ratio of essential amino acids to total amino acids in the fermented Spirulina, compared with the unfermented Spirulina, and this trend was enhanced by the strains' mixture. However, compared to unfermented Spirulina, the amino acid levels were significantly decreased after fermentation with Bacillus strains and so was the total free amino acid and essential amino acid content. Fermentation significantly reduced the contents of the offensive components of Spirulina, with significant differences among the three mixed bacterial treatments. Moreover, Bacillus strain fermentation increased the contents of flavonoids and polyphenols compared to the unfermented Spirulina, and significantly enhanced 1,1-diphenyl-2-trinitrophenylhydrazine free-radical scavenging ability and total antioxidant ability.