https://www.selleckchem.com/products/kpt-8602.html Chinese ceramic technology moved from craftsmanship to an industry-based science "ceramics engineering" from the 1840s to the 1940s. The study argues that construction activities induced the move, starting in architectural ceramics. Increasing efforts from architects, civil and railway engineers, mechanical and electrical engineers, and chemical and geological engineers directed the development, ultimately incorporating China's porcelain and pottery industry as one branch. This new perspective on the historiography of architecture and technology of China is built on engineering and archival sources, laboratory methods, and fieldwork. While opening a broad picture, the article also focuses on a crucial moment when the Belgian company Crédit Foncier d'Extrême-Orient introduced into China the modern manufacture system of ceramics in 1909-35. The history engages Shanghai's heyday of high-rise buildings.Following the conclusion of the Boxer Rebellion in 1900, drinking water in Beijing underwent a revolution with the introduction of Japanese well-drilling technology. Based on the sources housed in Mainland China, Taiwan, Japan, and the United States, this article investigates Japanese well-drilling technology and how it was economically, socially, and culturally indigenized in Beijing, both in the Tartar City and Chinese City, by placing the technology transfer within the complex picture of accommodation and compromise among the state, foreign powers, and the society. I contend that in the Tartar City, the state patronized well drilling by establishing the Institute of Well Drilling, while in the Chinese City, merchants and water carriers became patrons of the new technology, reflecting a deep dichotomy between the Tartar City and Chinese City, segregated by ethnicity since the 1640s.This article suggests that the term "innovation," which is nowadays a ubiquitous buzzword for policy makers and economic analysts, should be