Confocal microscopy images revealed that immobilized nanoparticles effectively enter the cytoplasm of THP-1 and Vero cells by different routes, and, subsequently, some escape endosomes, lysosomes, and other intracellular compartments with relatively high efficiencies. This was demonstrated by co-localization analyses with LysoTracker green that showed Pearson correlations of about 80 and 28%.It is an unquestionable fact that cancer, also called malignancy, has or will soon become the major global health care problem with an increasing incidence worldwide. Conventional treatment approaches (e.g., radiation or chemotherapy) treat both cancerous and surrounding normal tissues simultaneously, which leads to a poor therapeutic effect on tumors and severe toxic side effects on healthy tissues. Considering these thematic issues, the design and development of more efficient treatment approaches is one of the most important demands of health care in the near future. In this context, the emergence of nanotechnology opens new opportunities for addressing the issues of conventional drug delivery systems (DDSs) for cancer therapy. Theranostic nanomedicines are indebted to the advent of nanotechnology and were introduced by Funkhouser in 2002. These nanomedicines are the newest DDSs that combine diagnostic and therapeutic properties into a single platform. Theranostic nanomedicines are generally composed of targeting agents, diagnostic tracers, effective drug(s), and biomaterial(s) as the matrix to the formulation. Among these, biomaterials have a pivotal role in theranostic nanomedicines due to their direct influence on the system effectiveness. In this context, natural polymers can be considered as potential candidates, mainly due to their inherent physicochemical as well as biological advantages. However, natural polymers have some drawbacks, which can be addressed through the chemical modification approach. In this review, we will highlight the recent progress in the development of theranostic nanomedicines based on chemically modified natural polymers as well as research prospects for the future.Salmon calcitonin (sCT) was developed as an antiresorptive for the management of osteoporosis, a major public health threat worldwide. However, its clinical application was severely limited by its short half-life. Herein, an injectable drug carrier, that is, polylactic acid (PLA) microspheres coated with TA/PEG-sCT (TA tannic acid. PEG-sCT PEGylated sCT) layer-by-layer (LBL) films, was designed. An in vitro test demonstrated that, unlike previously developed drug carriers, the new carrier released PEG-sCT at a constant rate. The unique zero-order release kinetics originates from its unique drug release mechanism, that is, drug release via gradual disintegration of the dynamic TA/PEG-sCT LBL film. The small size of the PLA microspheres allows the carrier to be administrated via subcutaneous injection. An in vivo test demonstrated that a single injection of the carrier could maintain the plasma level of PEG-sCT stable for an extended period and thus induced a stable reduction in the plasma calcium level in rats. Using a rat model of osteoporosis induced by ovariectomy, it was further demonstrated that a single injection of the new carrier gave better therapeutic outcomes than daily injection of sCT of the same dose, thanks to the improved pharmacokinetic profile.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/salubrinal.html  Given the advantages of the new carrier, including facile subcutaneous administration, less frequent dosing, no initial burst release, no peak plasma drug level, and improved therapeutic outcomes, it is expected to have potential in long-term management of osteoporosis and other metabolic bone diseases.The decellularization protocols applied on the corneal stromal constructs in the literature usually fail to provide a corneal matrix with sufficient mechanical and optical properties since they alter the extracellular matrix (ECM) microstructure. In this study, to overcome these limitations, a hybrid cornea stromal construct was engineered by combining gelatin methacrylate (GelMA) and decellularized ECM. Photo-cross-linking of impregnated cell laden GelMA in situ using different UV cross-linking energies (3200, 6210, and 6900 μJ/cm2) and impregnation times (up to 24 h) within a decellularized bovine cornea enhanced light transmission and restored lost mechanical features following the harsh decellularization protocol. The light transmittance value for optimized hybrid constructs (53.6%) was increased nearly 10 fold compared to that of decellularized cornea (5.84%). The compressive modulus was also restored up to 6 fold with calculated values of 5040 and 870 kPa for the hybrid and decellularized samples, respectively. These values were found to be quite close to that of native cornea (48.5%, 9790 kPa). ATR-FTIR analyses were carried out to confirm the final chemical structure. The degradation profiles showed similar decomposition behaviors to that of native cornea. In vitro culture studies showed a high level of cell viability and cell proliferation rate was found remarkable up to the 14th day of the culture period regardless of selected UV energy level. The methodology used in the preparation of the hybrid cornea stromal constructs in this study is a promising approach toward the development of successful corneal transplants.Materials for biodevices and bioimplants commonly suffer from unwanted but unavoidable biofouling problems due to the nonspecific adhesion of proteins, cells, or bacteria. Chemical coating or physical strategies for reducing biofouling have been pursued, yet highly robust antibiofouling surfaces that can persistently resist contamination in biological environments are still lacking. In this study, we developed a facile method to fabricate a highly robust slippery and antibiofouling surface by conjugating a liquid-like polymer layer to a substrate. This slippery liquid-attached (SLA) surface was created via a one-step equilibration reaction by tethering methoxy-terminated polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS-OCH3) polymer brushes onto a substrate to form a transparent "liquid-like" layer. The SLA surface exhibited excellent sliding behaviors toward a wide range of liquids and small particles and antibiofouling properties against the long-term adhesion of small biomolecules, proteins, cells, and bacteria. Moreover, in contrast to superomniphobic surfaces and liquid-infused porous surfaces (SLIPS) requiring micro/nanostructures, the SLA layer could be obtained on smooth surfaces and maintain its biofouling resistance under abrasion with persistent stability.