Anterograde interference refers to the negative impact of prior learning on the propensity for future learning. There is currently no consensus on whether this phenomenon is transient or long lasting, with studies pointing to an effect in the time scale of hours to days. These inconsistencies might be caused by the method employed to quantify performance, which often confounds changes in learning rate and retention. Here, we aimed to unveil the time course of anterograde interference by tracking its impact on visuomotor adaptation at different intervals throughout a 24-h period. Our empirical and model-based approaches allowed us to measure the capacity for new learning separately from the influence of a previous memory. In agreement with previous reports, we found that prior learning persistently impaired the initial level of performance upon revisiting the task. However, despite this strong initial bias, learning capacity was impaired only when conflicting information was learned up to 1 h apart, recovering thereafter with passage of time. These findings suggest that when adapting to conflicting perturbations, impairments in performance are driven by two distinct mechanisms a long-lasting bias that acts as a prior and hinders initial performance and a short-lasting anterograde interference that originates from a reduction in error sensitivity. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permission@oup.com.CONTEXT Anabolic hormones are important factors in maintaining muscle mass for ageing men, but their role in overall motor unit structure and function is unclear. OBJECTIVE To determine associations of anabolic and reproductive hormone levels with motor unit characteristics in quadriceps muscle in older healthy and frail men. DESIGN Observational cohort study of community dwelling men. PARTICIPANTS Healthy and frail men > 65 years old. INTERVENTION None. OUTCOME MEASURE Quantitative assessments of electromyography-derived motor unit potential size (MUP) and compound muscle action potential size (CMAP) of vastus lateralis muscle. RESULTS We studied 98 men (mean±SD age 73±6 years; BMI 25.7±4.0 kg/m2; diabetes 11%) of whom 45% were prefrail and 18% frail. After adjusting for age, BMI and prevalent diabetes, higher total and free testosterone levels were significantly related to larger CMAP (total testosterone β (95% CI) 0.3 (0.08, 0.53); free testosterone 0.34 (0.13, 0.56)). Exploratory analysis showed the relationship between free testosterone and CMAP was stronger in frail rather than robust men. In univariate analyses, estradiol was associated with CMAP size (0.37 (0.16, 0.57)); and vitamin D was associated with MUP size (0.22 (0.01, 0.43)) but these relationships were no longer significant after adjusting for potential confounders. CONCLUSION Our data highlight the associations between androgen levels and the electrophysiological characteristics of older men, particularly in the frail. Clinical trials involving administration of androgens will help to elucidate the potential benefits of intervention on neuromuscular function and/or frailty status. © Endocrine Society 2020. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.BACKGROUND Cognitive dysfunction is common in older adults, particularly in those with type 2 diabetes (T2D). Higher adherence to the Dietary Guidelines for Americans is associated with better brain health.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/wrw4.html  However, it is unclear if adherence to the Australian Dietary Guidelines (ADG) is associated with cognition or brain structure in older adults. OBJECTIVE The aims of this study were to 1) examine the relation between adherence to the ADG, cognition, and brain MRI and 2) determine whether T2D modifies any associations. METHODS The Cognition and Diabetes in Older Tasmanians Study is a cross-sectional study in 688 people (n = 343 with T2D) aged 55-90 y. A validated 80-item food-frequency questionnaire was used to assess dietary intake. Adherence to the 2013 ADG was estimated using the Dietary Guidelines Index (DGI). Cognitive function in multiple domains was assessed with a comprehensive battery of neuropsychological tests and brain structure with MRI. Multivariable linear models were used to assess the associations between DGI, cognitive z scores, and brain structure. Effect modification for T2D was examined with a DGI × T2D product term. RESULTS The mean age of the sample was 69.9 y (SD 7.4 y), with 57.1% men. The mean DGI was 54.8 (SD 10.7; range 24.1-84.6). No associations were observed between the Australian DGI and cognition or brain MRI measures. T2D did not modify any associations (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS This is the first study to investigate associations between adherence to the ADG and brain health in the older adults with and without T2D. Future prospective studies are required to clarify if there are long-term associations. Copyright © The Author(s) 2020.BACKGROUND With the increasing demand for body contouring procedures in the US over the past two decades, more surgeons with diverse specialty training are performing these procedures. However, little is known regarding the comparative outcomes of these patients. OBJECTIVES The purpose of this study was to compare outcomes of body contouring procedures based on the specialty training of the surgeon. METHODS Data from the American College of Surgeons National Surgical Quality Improvement Program (2005-2015) were reviewed for all body contouring procedures. Patients were stratified by surgeon training (Plastic Surgery [PS] vs. General Surgery [GS]). Descriptive statistics and regression analyses were used to evaluate differences in outcomes. RESULTS A total of 11,658 patients were included; 9,502 PS cases and 2,156 GS cases. Most were women (90.4%), aged 40 to 59 (52.7%) and White (79.5%). Compared to PS patients, GS patients were more likely obese (61.4% vs. 40.6%), smokers (13.6% vs. 9.8%), and with ASA≥3 (35.3% vs. 18.6%) (all P less then 0.001). Abdominal contouring procedures were the most common (76%) cases. Multivariate regression revealed that compared to PS cases, those performed by GS were associated with increased wound and infectious complications (adjusted Odds Ratio, aOR 1.81; 95% Confidence Interval, 95%CI 1.44 - 2.27), reoperation (aOR 1.85; 95%CI 1.31 - 2.62), and predicted mean length of stay (1.12 d; 95%CI 0.64 - 1.60). CONCLUSIONS The variable outcomes in body contouring procedures performed by PS compared to GS may imply procedural-algorithmic differences between the subspecialties leading to the noted outcome differential. © 2020 The Aesthetic Society. Reprints and permission journals.permissions@oup.com.