These results revealed the potential of SOF in enhancing soil As depletion by rice plant under flooded condition, providing a cost-effective pathway for efficient cleanup of bioavailable As from rice paddies. New particle formation (NPF) involving amines in the atmosphere is considered an aggregation process, during which stable molecular clusters are formed from amines and sulfuric acid via hydrogen bond interaction. In this work, ab initio dynamics simulations of ammonium bisulfate formation from a series of amines, SO3, and H2O molecules were carried out in the gas phase and at the air-water interface. The results show that reactions between amines and hydrated SO3 molecules in the gas phase are barrierless or nearly barrierless processes. The reaction rate is related to the basicity of gas-phase amines-the stronger the basicity, the faster the reaction. Furthermore, SO3 hydrolysis catalyzed by amines occurs simultaneously with H2SO4-amine cluster formation. At the air-water interface, reactions between amines and SO3 involve multiple water molecules. The reaction center's ring structure (amine-SO3-nH2O) promotes the transfer of protons in the water molecules. The formed ammonium cation (-RNH3+) and the bisulfate anion (HSO4-) are present and stable by means of hydrogen bond interaction. The cluster formation mechanism provides new insights into NPF involving amines, which may play an important role in the formation of aerosols in some heavily polluted areas - e.g., those with a high amine concentration. Panax notoginseng is a traditional medicinal herb in China. However, the high capacity of its roots to accumulate cadmium (Cd) poses a potential risk to human health. Our previous study showed that nitrate reductase (NR)-dependent nitric oxide (NO) production promoted Cd accumulation in P.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/congo-red.html  notoginseng root cell walls. In this study, the role of Mg in the regulation of NO production and Cd accumulation in P. notoginseng roots was characterized. Exposure of P. notoginseng roots to increasing concentrations of Cd resulted in a linear increase in NO production. The application of 2 mM Mg for 24 h significantly alleviated Cd-induced NO production and Cd accumulation in roots, which coincided with a significant decrease in the NR activity. Western analysis suggested that Mg increased the interaction between the 14-3-3 protein and NR, which might have been a reason for the Mg-mediated decrease in NR activity and NO production under Cd stress. These results suggested that Mg-mediated alleviation of Cd-induced NO production and Cd accumulation is achieved by enhancement of the interaction between the 14-3-3 protein and NR in P. notoginseng roots. A pot experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of combined application of cadmium (Cd)-resistant bacteria (J) and calcium carbonate + sepiolite (G) on both Cd bioavailability in contaminated paddy soil and on Cd accumulation in rice plants. Adding the mixture (J + G) to the soils significantly increased soil pH, decreased extractable Cd contents, and increased Fe/Mn-oxide Cd and organic-bound Cd contents. The applying of J + G, J and G decreased Cd contents in various rice tissues (roots, stems and leaves, husks, and brown rice grains) to different degrees. Compared with those of the CK, Cd contents decreased by 17.8%-53.3% in the roots, 12.3%-27.4% in the stems and leaves, 25.4%-44.6% in the husks, and 28.8%-55.7% in the brown rice grains for the application of J + G; Cd contents decreased by 8.2%-28.5% in the roots, 11.5%-32.0% in the husks, and 27.8%-45.9% in the brown rice grains for the application of J; Cd contents decreased by 12.9%-26.5% in the roots, in the stems and leaves decreased by 4.6%-34.1% in the stems and leaves, 60.2%-79.7% in the husks, and 35.7%-47.6% in the brown rice grains for the application of G. The alone application of bacteria (J) could reduce the bioavailability of Cd in soil and the contents of Cd in brown rice grains to some extent. Moreover, when the bacteria were applied in combination with mineral (J + G), it was a more effective method than the alone application of J or G to reduce the soil Cd bioavailability. Under all the tested conditions, applications of J4+G4 (320 mL kg-1 of J + 8 g kg-1 of G) resulted in the greatest reduction in Cd contents in brown rice grains. Overall, the results indicated that the combination of Cd-resistant bacteria and mineral material could effectively reduce Cd bioavailability in paddy soils and inhibit Cd accumulation in brown rice grains. Soil co-contaminated with cadmium (Cd) and decabromodiphenyl ether (BDE-209) is a widespread environmental problem, especially in electronic waste contaminated surroundings. Accumulation of Cd and BDE-209 in crops has possibly harmful effects on local human health. In order to assess the potential of arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi and amaranth (Amaranthus hypochondriacus L.) in remediation of soil co-contaminated with Cd and BDE-209, pot trials were performed to investigate interactive effects of AM fungi, Cd and BDE-209 on growth of amaranth, uptake of Cd and BDE-209, distribution of chemical forms of Cd and activities of antioxidant enzymes in shoots and dissipation of BDE-209 in soil. The present results showed that shoot biomass of non-mycorrhizal plants was significantly inhibited by increasing of Cd addition (5-15 mg kg-1), but were only slightly declined with BDE-209 addition (5 mg kg-1). The interaction of Cd and BDE-209 reduced the proportions of ethanol- and d-H2O-extractable Cd in shoots, consequently alleviated Cd toxicity to plants and enhanced root uptake of Cd and BDE-209. Inoculation of AM fungi resulted in significantly greater shoot biomass as well as higher concentrations of Cd and BDE-209 compared with non-mycorrhizal treatment. Moreover, AM fungi played a beneficial role in relieving oxidative stress on amaranth by increasing the activities of dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) in shoots and significantly improved the dissipation of BDE-209 in soil. The present study suggested that combination of AM fungi and amaranth may be a potential option for remediation of Cd and BDE-209 co-contaminated soils.