Plasma-based measures of P-tau show particular promise, with potential applications in both clinical practice and in clinical trials.
 Alzheimer's disease biomarkers, including Aβ, P-tau and NfL can now be reliably measured in both CSF and blood. Plasma-based measures of P-tau show particular promise, with potential applications in both clinical practice and in clinical trials.
  We review data on injuries and traffic accidents affecting people with epilepsy with emphasis on the overall risk of injuries, specific types of injuries, and risk factors.
 
  Population-based studies of incident epilepsy cohorts indicate that the risk of physical injuries in people with epilepsy in general is increased only modestly. The risk is higher in selected populations that attend epilepsy clinics or referral centers. Soft tissue injuries, dislocations, and fractures are the most common injures, whereas the greatest increase in risk is reported for more uncommon injuries such as drowning. People with epilepsy are at a two-fold to four-fold increased risk for fatal injuries. Comorbidities contribute to fatal as well as nonfatal injuries. The other major risk factor is poorly controlled major convulsive seizures (generalized as well as focal to bilateral tonic-clonic seizures).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/6-thio-dg.html  Serious transport accidents associated with increased risks for people with epilepsy include pedestrian, bicycle, as well as car accidents.
 
  Individualized information on the risk of physical injuries and accidents should be part of counseling of patients with epilepsy. Improved seizure control is likely the most effective way to reduce risks, but work place and home adjustments should also be considered.
 Individualized information on the risk of physical injuries and accidents should be part of counseling of patients with epilepsy. Improved seizure control is likely the most effective way to reduce risks, but work place and home adjustments should also be considered.
  As current pharmacological treatments of dementia have only modest effects, nonpharmacological treatments like exercise interventions have attracted much research interest. This review summarizes recent evidence regarding the efficacy of exercise in preventing and treating neurocognitive disorders.
 
  Recent evidence suggests that exercise may prevent cognitive impairment in older adults with normal cognition. Besides, it may slow down the deterioration in older adults who have mild cognitive impairment (MCI) and dementia. But inconsistent findings have been reported, and larger randomized controlled trials are required to confirm its treatment value. This article also reviews existing evidence-based clinical guidelines advising on the optimal format and intensity of exercise interventions for older adults with different cognitive functions.
 
  There is a growing body of evidence supporting the cognitive benefits of exercise for older adults with normal cognition, MCI, and dementia. Exercise is a relatively safe and low-cost lifestyle intervention and should be recommended for older adults to prevent dementia and treat cognitive impairment. However, as the factors affecting the efficacy of exercise in improving cognition are complex, exercise prescription should be individually tailored.
 There is a growing body of evidence supporting the cognitive benefits of exercise for older adults with normal cognition, MCI, and dementia. Exercise is a relatively safe and low-cost lifestyle intervention and should be recommended for older adults to prevent dementia and treat cognitive impairment. However, as the factors affecting the efficacy of exercise in improving cognition are complex, exercise prescription should be individually tailored.
  We review the evidence on the use of noninvasive respiratory supports (noninvasive ventilation and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy) in patients with acute respiratory failure because of severe community-acquired pneumonia.
 
  Noninvasive ventilation is strongly advised for the treatment of hypercapnic respiratory failure and recent evidence justifies its use in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure when delivered by helmet. Indeed, such interface allows alveolar recruitment by providing high level of positive end-expiratory pressure, which improves hypoxemia. On the other hand, high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy is effective in patients with hypoxemic respiratory failure and some articles support its use in patients with hypercapnia. However, early identification of noninvasive respiratory supports treatment failure is crucial to prevent delayed orotracheal intubation and protective invasive mechanical ventilation.
 
  Noninvasive ventilation is the first-line therapy in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure because of pneumonia. Although an increasing amount of evidence investigated the application of noninvasive respiratory support to hypoxemic respiratory failure, the optimal ventilatory strategy in this setting is uncertain. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation delivered by helmet and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy appear as promising tools but their role needs to be confirmed by future research.
 Noninvasive ventilation is the first-line therapy in patients with acute hypercapnic respiratory failure because of pneumonia. Although an increasing amount of evidence investigated the application of noninvasive respiratory support to hypoxemic respiratory failure, the optimal ventilatory strategy in this setting is uncertain. Noninvasive mechanical ventilation delivered by helmet and high-flow nasal cannula oxygen therapy appear as promising tools but their role needs to be confirmed by future research.
  The purpose of this review is to address the relevant issues surrounding older adults with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) today.
 
  Approximately 1 million people >65 years have CAP in the US per year, which is more than previously reported (or realized). Older adults are vulnerable to the increasing prevalence of viral CAP, as the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic emphasizes, but pneumococcus is still the most common pathogen to cause CAP. Racial disparities continue to need to be addressed in order to improve early and late outcomes of older adults with CAP.
 
  The epidemiology of CAP, specifically for older adults is changing. More recent pathogen incidence studies have included culture, as well as newer microbiological methods to determine etiology. Current disparities among disadvantaged populations, including African-Americans, result in more comorbidities which predisposes to more severe CAP. However, outcomes in the hospital between races tend to be similar, and outcomes between age groups tends to be worse for older compared to younger adults.