The discipline of radiology and diagnostic imaging has evolved greatly in recent years. We have observed an exponential increase in the number of exams performed, subspecialization of medical fields, and increases in accuracy of the various imaging methods, making it a challenge for the radiologist to "know everything about all exams and regions". In addition, imaging exams are no longer only qualitative and diagnostic, providing now quantitative information on disease severity, as well as identifying biomarkers of prognosis and treatment response. In view of this, computer-aided diagnosis systems have been developed with the objective of complementing diagnostic imaging and helping the therapeutic decision-making process. With the advent of artificial intelligence, "big data", and machine learning, we are moving toward the rapid expansion of the use of these tools in daily life of physicians, making each patient unique, as well as leading radiology toward the concept of multidisciplinary approach and precision medicine. In this article, we will present the main aspects of the computational tools currently available for analysis of images and the principles of such analysis, together with the main terms and concepts involved, as well as examining the impact that the development of artificial intelligence has had on radiology and diagnostic imaging.Ultrasound diagnosis of posterior fossa malformations in the prenatal period is a challenge, having major implications for the counseling and follow-up of pregnant women. The purpose of this study was to review aspects of the ultrasound evaluation of the fetal posterior fossa, as well as to describe the most relevant ultrasound findings of the main posterior fossa malformations that can affect the fetus in the prenatal period.Objective To determine the most common imaging features of pseudomyxoma peritonei (PMP), as well as the histologic subtypes of the primary tumors. Materials and Methods We reviewed 30 cases of women with pathologically confirmed PMP. Only computed tomography scans were available. All cases were retrospectively studied by four radiologists, working independently. We identified the most common imaging findings, the predominant primary site of the disease, and the growth pattern. The most common sites of recurrence were also analyzed. Results The most common computed tomography finding was peritoneal/omental nodules (including "omental caking"), followed by visceral scalloping and non-mucinous ascites. The most common site of the primary tumor was the appendix (in 63.3%), followed by the ovaries (in 16.6%), and 16.6% of the tumors were of undetermined origin. There was one case of synchronous appendiceal and ovarian tumors. Low-grade mucinous neoplasm was the most common histologic subtype, accounting for 84.2% of the appendiceal tumors and 40% of the ovarian tumors. Conclusion Although PMP is a relatively rare entity, radiologists must be aware of its possible imaging findings, common locations, and possible patterns of recurrence. The origin of the primary tumor should also be investigated. Future studies are needed in order to determine which preoperative imaging findings predict surgical outcomes and to characterize the main findings of radiological recurrence.Objective To determine the accuracy of diffusion-weighted imaging (DWI) in identifying terminal ileitis in patients with Crohn's disease. Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of 38 consecutive patients with Crohn's disease who underwent magnetic resonance enterography with DWI in a 3.0 T scanner. The patients were divided into two groups, on the basis of colonoscopy and biopsy findings active inflammation; and inactive disease. Apparent diffusion coefficient (ADC) values were determined, as were the magnetic resonance index of activity (MaRIA) and the Clermont score. Results Of the 38 patients evaluated, 18 (47%) had active inflammation. The patients with active inflammation showed greater restricted diffusion, more pronounced mucosal edema, greater wall thickening, a higher MaRIA, and a higher Clermont score than did those with inactive disease. The level of interobserver agreement (intraclass correlation coefficient) was excellent for the MaRIA and the Clermont score, whereas it was substantial for the ADC values.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/ga-017.html  For identifying colonoscopy-proven inflammation, the best ADC cut-off point was 2.1 × 10-3 mm2/s, which had a sensitivity of 88.8% and a specificity of 95.0%, whereas DWI presented an overall accuracy of 89.4%, with a sensitivity of 88.9% and a specificity of 90.0%. Conclusion Visual analysis of the DWI sequence has good accuracy in detecting terminal ileitis in patients with Crohn's disease. In addition, low ADC values have good sensitivity for detecting colonoscopy-proven inflammation.Objective To compare the right atrium (RA) area and right ventricular ejection fraction (RVEF) with other known prognostic markers in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Materials and Methods This was a retrospective study of 74 patients diagnosed with PAH by right heart catheterization at a referral center between January 2018 and May 2018. All of the patients underwent cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) within 3 months of the right heart catheterization (RHC), as well as undergoing echocardiography, a 6-minute walk test, and determination of the level of N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) within a month of the RHC. We attempted to determine whether the cardiac MRI-derived RA area correlated with ions between RVEF and RA area measured by that determined by echocardiography, as well as whether the cardiac MRI-derived RA area and RVEF correlated with the 6-minute walk distance and NT-proBNP level. Results The MRI-derived RA area demonstrated a weak correlation with the pulmonary vascular resistance measured by RHC (r = 0.268; p = 0.055) and a moderate correlation with the NT-proBNP (r = 0.429; p = 0.003). All correlations between clinical characteristics and the RVEF were statistically significant. In the univariate linear analysis, the RVEF showed stronger correlations with the clinical characteristics than did the RA area. Conclusion In patients with PAH, cardiac MRI-derived RVEF appears to correlate more strongly with other prognostic factors than does RA area.