Premature newborns, especially the extreme ones, need to be cared for in the different units in the neonatal services. In addition to ensuring the survival of these newborns, these services have gra dually incorporated interventions to promote their development. This review provides an updated synthesis of developmental-focused neonatal care. First, it describes the neurobiological theoretical foundations that explain how the so-called "neonatal stress" can affect the development of a prema ture child. Later, it reviews the Synactive Theory, which is one of the theoretical models that contri bute to understanding the characteristics of the care focused on development. Regarding this care, the evidence and challenges for implementing are described and addressed from a critical perspective, pointing out the strengths and weaknesses. This article highlights the importance of improving the quality of care that preterm newborns received in NICUs, promoting resilience and/or the best pos sible developmental potential in these children, in addition to strengthening the role of parents in neonatal care.Functional echocardiography emerges as a clinical tool for the comprehensive clinical evaluation to assess the patient's hemodynamic status, after demonstrating that the clinical methods traditionally used in the Neonatal Intensive Care Unit are limited and often applied late. This allows us to establish a more accurate hemodynamic diagnosis and thus improve neonatal morbidity and mortality, since it allows making recommendations based on physiology, resulting in a rational and individualized treatment plan. There are scenarios where its usefulness has been seen, such as the inadequate transition of the very low birth weight newborn, hemodynamic instability, assessment of Patent Ductus Arteriosus and its hemodynamic repercussion, and pulmonary hypertension. This review updates information on the usefulness of functional echocardiography in the neonatal intensive care unit and the clinical settings where its use is recommended.Hyponatremia is a common hydroelectrolytic disorder in pediatric patients with advanced cirrhosis. This complication is related to the alteration in the renal capacity to eliminate free water with solutes such as sodium, which leads to disproportionate water retention, a condition known as dilutional hyponatremia. The main pathogenic factors are the non-osmotic secretion of antidiuretic hormone and the activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and the sympathetic nervous system. Given that hyponatremia in cirrhosis is associated with an increase in morbidity and mortality, the objective of this review is to propose a systematic approach, based on the level of serum sodium, assessment of hemodynamic status and diuresis, which allows precise modifications that minimize negative impacts on survival and neurological sequelae.
  The study of a pulmonary nodule in pediatrics is a diagnostic challenge where multiple pathologies must be taken into account, especially infections. In developing countries, where tuberculosis infec tion is endemic, it is one of the most likely diagnoses; however, the diagnostic possibility of malig nancy should never be overlooked.
 
  To describe a case report of a patient with a pulmonary nodule, that after ruling out the most frequent causes, a primary malignant tumor was diagnosed.
 
  17-year-old female patient with a one-month history of cough, dyspnea, and hemop tysis, without other symptoms. Since she did not respond to conventional antibiotic management, a chest CT scan with contrast was performed which showed a pulmonary nodule with irregular con tours, and with the bronchoalveolar lavage pulmonary infections were ruled out (pulmonary tuber culosis, fungal infection, and others bacteria). Biopsy of the lesion was performed to complete the study which histopathology was compatible with a mucoepidermoid carcinoma (MEC). The patient underwent right low lobectomy and lymph node resection with good clinical response during three years of follow-up.
 
  Pulmonary nodule in pediatrics is a finding usually associated with infection, nevertheless, neoplastic conditions have to be considered, not only metastasis but also pri mary pulmonary malignant lesions due to prognosis implications.
 Pulmonary nodule in pediatrics is a finding usually associated with infection, nevertheless, neoplastic conditions have to be considered, not only metastasis but also pri mary pulmonary malignant lesions due to prognosis implications.
  Meckel's diverticulum (MD) is the remnant of the vitelline duct (VD) also called omphalomesente ric duct and it is considered the most frequent gastrointestinal malformation. Most of the cases are asymptomatic and the diagnosis of this type is always a challenge.
 
  To describe 3 sympto matic presentations of MD and to discuss its symptoms, signs, and possible diagnostic-therapeutic tools.
 
  Case 1 A six-month-old patient with obstructive bowel syndrome. In explo ratory laparotomy, an MD was identified with a mesodiverticular band causing an internal hernia. Case 2 A three-year-old patient presenting with digestive hemorrhage and severe anemia requiring blood transfusion. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy did not show bleeding origin.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/CHIR-258.html  Due to persis tent melena, the patient required a new blood transfusion. An Abdomen/pelvis tomography scan was performed, showing a suspicious image of MD which was confirmed by laparotomy. Case 3 A newborn with prenatal anencephaly and omphalocele diagnosis. In immediate care of the newborn, meconium evacuation from the umbilical defect was noticed. It was managed as ruptured omphalo cele, installing a bowel silo bag. In primary closure, the permeability of the omphalomesenteric duct was confirmed. An intestinal en bloc resection and anastomosis were performed in all 3 cases. The last one developed an anastomosis leakage resulting in a terminal ileostomy.
 
  MD, frequently asymptomatic, is often overlooked as a differential diagnosis of abdominal emergencies in children. When suspecting DM with gastric ectopic mucosa, Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy should be performed as a diagnostic procedure of choice, according to each case.
 MD, frequently asymptomatic, is often overlooked as a differential diagnosis of abdominal emergencies in children. When suspecting DM with gastric ectopic mucosa, Tc-99m pertechnetate scintigraphy should be performed as a diagnostic procedure of choice, according to each case.