https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sbi-477.html treated patients achieved the reference value of 30 seconds for OLST only in Group A. CONCLUSION Subcutaneous administration of collagen is not inferior in terms of effectiveness to periradicular and epidural injections in the treatment of LBP in lumbar spondylosis.BACKGROUND Posture disorders not treated in early childhood may lead to serious diseases and dysfunctions later. The aim of the study was to assess the incidence of lower limb defects in pre-school children. MATERIAL AND METHODS The study covered 513 children (252 girls and 261 boys) aged 4-6, in chosen kinder-gartens of the Łódź agglomeration . The child's body posture was assessed using a visual method based on the Kasperczyk scoring scale in own modification. RESULTS Foot defects occurred in the examined group with a frequency of 85.58% (439/513) in 4-year-olds 82.59%, in 5- and 6-year-olds 87.5%. Foot defects were more common in girls in the entire study group (86.9 vs. 84.29%), in 4-year-olds (87.88 vs. 77.45%) and 6-year-olds (88.89 vs. 86.25%), and in boys in the 5-year-olds group (91.14 vs. #link# 83.95%). Defects of the knee joints, including varus and valgus knee, occurred in the study group with a frequency of 52.83% (271/513) in 4-year-olds 56.72%, in 5-year-olds 45.63% and in 6-year-olds 55.26%. Defects were more frequent in girls in the entire study group (54.37 vs. 51.34) and in 4-year-olds (58.59 vs. 54.90%), and in boys in the 5-year-old group (50.63 vs. 40.74%). In the 6-year-olds group, the defects were statistically significantly more common in girls than boys (63.89 vs. 47.5%, p = 0.0442). CONCLUSION A high percentage of lower limb defects rate at more than half of the examined pre-school children population is disturbing and requires effective systemic action.It is widely acknowledged that anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury is the cause of anterolateral insta-bility, but in some cases not only the ACL ruptures, but also anterolat