These separate consequences of TrxR inhibition can be utilized therapeutically. Importantly, however, a thorough knowledge of the molecular mechanisms underlying effects triggered by TrxR inhibition is crucial for the understanding of therapy outcomes after use of such inhibitors. The mammalian thioredoxin system is driven by thioredoxin reductases (TXNRD, TrxR), which keeps thioredoxins (TXN, Trx) and further downstream targets reduced. In normal cells, inhibition of TrxR yields a paradoxical effect of increased antioxidant defense upon activation of the Nrf2 transcription factor. In cancer cells, however, inhibition of TrxR yields excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels resulting in cell death and thus anticancer efficacy, which can be explained by a non-oncogene addiction of cancer cells to TrxR1 due to their increased endogenous production of ROS. These separate consequences of TrxR inhibition can be utilized therapeutically.
  Solid pseudopapillary neoplasm (SPN) of the pancreas is an extremely rare neoplasm with a favorable prognosis. On the other hand, pancreatic invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) is known to be an aggressive malignancy. To the best of our knowledge, there is no report of SPN combined with IDC of the pancreas.
 
  A 66-year-old woman presented with abnormal genital bleeding and was diagnosed with inoperable cervical cancer. During computed tomography for cancer staging, the patient was incidentally diagnosed with pancreatic cancer. After radiation therapy for the cervical cancer, distal pancreatectomy with D2 lymph node dissection was performed. A postoperative pathological examination revealed SPN with ossification and well-differentiated IDC in the pancreatic body. On immunohistochemical staining, SPN tumor cells showed positive β-catenin and CD10 staining, whereas IDC cells were negative for both. The tumor boundaries were clear. Accordingly, the final pathological diagnosis was synchronous SPN and IDC of the pancreas. Moreover, pathological findings such as the ossification and small number of SPN cells suggested that SPN may have existed long before IDC initiation.
 
  Here, we report the first case of SPN combined with IDC of the pancreas. They may occur independently, and the long-term presence of SPN may lead to the development of IDC.
 Here, we report the first case of SPN combined with IDC of the pancreas. They may occur independently, and the long-term presence of SPN may lead to the development of IDC.Since February 21, 2020, SARS-CoV-2 has spread exponentially worldwide. Neonatal patients needing intensive care are considered a vulnerable population. To report the results of a policy based on multi-timepoint surveillance for SARS-CoV-2 of all neonates admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU), their parents, and all healthcare providers in a part of Italy with a high prevalence of the infection. Observational study conducted from 21 February to 21 April 2020. Intervention consisted of (a) parental triage on arrival at the neonatal ward; (b) universal testing with nasopharyngeal swabs and blood testing for SARS-CoV-2 IgM and IgG antibodies; (c) use of continuous personal protective equipment at the NICU by parents and staff. A total of 6726 triage procedures were performed on 114 parents, and 954 nasopharyngeal swabs were collected from 226 individuals. Five (2.2%) asymptomatic individuals (2 parents and 3 healthcare providers) tested positive on nasopharyngeal swabs and were kept isolated for 14there were no cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection among neonates in a NICU in a high incidence of SARS-CoV-2 area. • Positive and asymptomatic individuals were identified and isolated early allowing the containment of infection's spread among healthcare providers and parents.
  Outcomes of patients with end-stage renal disease at urgent dialysis initiation are varied, but evidence of their long-term prognosis is limited. We aimed to characterize patients undergoing urgent dialysis initiation and analyse its effect on survival outcome.
 
  We retrospectively identified 208 patients who began haemodialysis from 1 January 2012 to 31 December 2018 at our hospital. In this observational case-control study, the case group comprised patients starting urgent dialysis, and the control group comprised patients starting planned dialysis. We analysed laboratory data, sex, age, smoking history, comorbidities and presence of vascular access and nephrology care that potentially affected the outcome. Data were analysed with Kaplan-Meier curves of early and late period (3years after dialysis initiation) survival and log-rank tests and with Cox regression analysis.
 
  Median age (range) at dialysis initiation was 73 (28-90) years, with 50 (24%) patients in the urgent initiation group. Five (10%) patients in this group had vascular access at dialysis initiation, whereas 21 (42%) had not received adequate pre-dialysis nephrology care. The estimated median overall survival rates of the urgent group and planned initiation group were 42months and not reached, respectively (P = 0.0011).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hc-258.html  Multivariable analysis found urgent dialysis initiation to be an independent risk factor for survival (HR 2.36; 95% CI 1.36-4.00; P = 0.02). Survival was not significantly different between the groups for patients who continued chronic dialysis for > 3years from dialysis initiation (P = 0.1339).
 
  The prognosis of patients starting dialysis in an urgent condition was poor compared with those who started planned dialysis.
 The prognosis of patients starting dialysis in an urgent condition was poor compared with those who started planned dialysis.MiRNAs play essential roles in processes of physiological status and disease conditions including in renal diseases, while extracellular vesicles (EVs) serve as important mediators for cell-cell communication. In body fluid or extracellular spaces, miRNAs are packaged into EVs and transferred to targeted cells to perform their bioeffects under particular conditions. In the present review, we aim to summarize and update the known and verified EV-carrying miRNAs (EV-miRNAs) and their general roles in kidney diseases. In addition to performing a systemic analysis, we try to provide some clues and perspectives for the future study of EV-miRNAs in renal diseases.