https://www.selleckchem.com/products/as2863619.html Viral proteins pUL16 and pUL21 are required for efficient nuclear egress of herpes simplex type 2 (HSV-2) capsids. To better understand the role of these proteins in nuclear egress, we established whether nuclear egress complex (NEC) distribution and/or function was altered in the absence of either pUL16 or pUL21. NEC distribution in cells infected with pUL16 deficient viruses was indistinguishable from that observed in cells infected with wild type viruses. By contrast, NEC distribution was aberrant in cells infected with pUL21 deficient virus and, instead, showed some similarity to the aberrant NEC distribution pattern observed in cells infected with pUs3 deficient virus. These results indicated that pUL16 plays a role in nuclear egress that is distinct from that of pUL21 and pUs3. Higher resolution examination of nuclear envelope ultrastructure in cells infected with pUL21 deficient viruses by transmission electron microscopy showed different types of nuclear envelope perturbations, including some that weranalyses revealed a function of pUL16 in nuclear egress distinct from that of pUL21, uncovering a novel role for pUL21 in regulating NEC activity and shed new light on how a viral kinase, pUs3, regulates nuclear egress. Nuclear egress of capsids is required for all herpesviruses. A complete understanding of all aspects of nuclear egress, including how viral NEC activity is controlled, may yield strategies to disrupt this process and aid the development of herpes-specific antiviral therapies. Copyright © 2020 American Society for Microbiology.Chikungunya virus (CHIKV) is an important re-emerging human pathogen transmitted by mosquitoes. The virus causes an acute febrile illness, chikungunya fever, which is characterized by headache, rash and debilitating (poly)arthralgia that can reside for months to years after infection. Currently, effective antiviral therapies and vaccines are lacking. Due to the high morbidi