https://www.selleckchem.com/products/gcn2ib.html The objective of this review was to evaluate the effects of preoperative intrathecal morphine (ITM) in addition to patient-controlled analgesia with morphine (PCAM) versus PCAM without preoperative ITM on total morphine dosage in the first 24 hours postoperatively in adult patients undergoing abdominal or thoracic surgery. Postoperative pain is a significant problem for patients undergoing major abdominal and thoracic surgery. Intrathecal morphine can reduce postoperative pain and reduce intravenous (IV) morphine requirements during the first 24 hours after surgery; however, the amount of IV morphine dose reduction achieved has not been well established. This knowledge could help anesthesia providers determine if ITM is an appropriate analgesic option for patients. This review included studies with participants 18 years of age or older receiving general anesthesia (GA) for abdominal or thoracic surgery. Studies were included that used the intervention of preoperative ITM in addition to PCAM) versus PCAMlready administered (WMD = -25.93, 95% CI -32.05 to -19.80 mg). Two studies with 75 participants were described narratively because total morphine dosage was reported as median rather than mean values. In this review, ITM provided a significant decrease in overall total morphine dosage during the first 24 hours after surgery in abdominal surgery patients. The addition of IV non-opioids to the postoperative analgesia protocol showed no additional reduction in postoperative IV morphine dosage between groups. In this review, ITM provided a significant decrease in overall total morphine dosage during the first 24 hours after surgery in abdominal surgery patients. The addition of IV non-opioids to the postoperative analgesia protocol showed no additional reduction in postoperative IV morphine dosage between groups. The objective of this review was to evaluate the experiences of transgender men in seeking gynecological and re