We aimed to determine whether in children with dilated cardiomyopathy repeated measurement of known risk factors for death or heart transplantation (HTx) during disease progression can identify children at the highest risk for adverse outcome.
 
  Of 137 children we included in a prospective cohort, 36 (26%) reached the study endpoint (SE all-cause death or HTx), 15 (11%) died at a median of 0.09years [inter-quartile range (IQR) 0.03-0.7] after diagnosis, and 21 (15%) underwent HTx at a median of 2.9years [IQR 0.8-6.1] after diagnosis. Median follow-up was 2.1 years [IQR 0.8-4.3]. Twenty-three children recovered at a median of 0.6years [IQR 0.5-1.4] after diagnosis, and 78 children had ongoing disease at the end of the study. Children who reached the SE could be distinguished from those who did not, based on the temporal evolution of four risk factors stunting of length growth (-0.42 vs. -0.02 length Z-score per year, P<0.001), less decrease in N-terminal pro-B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) (-0.26 vomyopathy at high risk for adverse outcome. In this sample, with a limited number of endpoints, NT-proBNP was the strongest independent predictor for adverse outcome.
 The evolution over time of NT-proBNP, LVIDd, length growth, and NYU PHFI identified a subgroup of children with dilated cardiomyopathy at high risk for adverse outcome. In this sample, with a limited number of endpoints, NT-proBNP was the strongest independent predictor for adverse outcome.Biological subphenotypes have been identified in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) based on two parsimonious models the "uninflamed" and "reactive" subphenotype (cluster-model) and "hypo-inflammatory" and "hyper-inflammatory" (latent class analysis (LCA) model). The distinction between the subphenotypes is mainly driven by inflammatory and coagulation markers in plasma. However, systemic inflammation is not specific for ARDS and it is unknown whether these subphenotypes also reflect differences in the alveolar compartment. Alveolar inflammation and dysbiosis of the lung microbiome have shown to be important mediators in the development of lung injury. This study aimed to determine whether the "reactive" or "hyper-inflammatory" biological subphenotype also had higher concentrations of inflammatory mediators and enrichment of gut-associated bacteria in the lung. Levels of alveolar inflammatory mediators myeloperoxidase (MPO), surfactant protein D (SPD), interleukin (IL)-1b, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, interferon gamma (IFN-ƴ), and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNFα) were determined in the mini-BAL fluid. Key features of the lung microbiome were measured bacterial burden (16S rRNA gene copies/ml), community diversity (Shannon Diversity Index), and community composition. No statistically significant differences between the "uninflamed" and "reactive" ARDS subphenotypes were found in a selected set of alveolar inflammatory mediators and key features of the lung microbiome. LCA-derived subphenotypes and stratification based on cause of ARDS (direct vs. indirect) showed similar profiles, suggesting that current subphenotypes may not reflect the alveolar host response. It is important for future research to elucidate the pulmonary biology within each subphenotype properly, which is arguably a target for intervention.
  To investigate how long successfully ablated tumours take to become completely avascular at CEUS after cryoablation.
 
  Ninety-five patients had percutaneous cryoablation of 103 renal tumours investigated at CEUS on post-operative day one. If the lesion was avascular, a contrast-CT/MR was scheduled six months after the procedure, while CEUS was repeated if the lesion still displayed enhancement, until the disappearance of intralesional vascularity. Technical success was defined when the tumour was covered completely by the ablation zone. Technique efficacy was assessed at six months of follow-up.
 
  Technical efficacy was obtained for 101/103 cryoablations, 56% of which (57/101) were avascular on post-operative day one. After one week, two weeks, one month 83%, 91% and 100% of these 101 lesions, respectively, were avascular. Two tumours were unsuccessfully treated. They displayed persistent intralesional vascularity at CEUS one month after the procedure.
 
  After cryoablation, obtaining CEUS before one month may be misleading. When technical efficacy is obtained, disappearance of intralesional enhancement is observed within two weeks in the majority of cases (91%), but can persist until one month. Identification of tumour enhancement after one month may be concerning for residual viable tumour.
 After cryoablation, obtaining CEUS before one month may be misleading. When technical efficacy is obtained, disappearance of intralesional enhancement is observed within two weeks in the majority of cases (91%), but can persist until one month. Identification of tumour enhancement after one month may be concerning for residual viable tumour.
  First, this experimental study aims at comparing out-of-field doses delivered by three radiotherapy techniques (3DCRT, VMAT (two different accelerators), and tomotherapy) for a pediatric renal treatment. Secondly, the accuracy of treatment planning systems (TPS) for out-of-field calculation is evaluated.
 
  EBT3 films were positioned in pediatric phantoms (5 and 10yr old). They were irradiated according to four plans 3DCRT (Clinac 2100CS, Varian), VMAT (Clinac 2100CS and Halcyon, Varian), and tomotherapy for a same target volume. 3D dose determination was performed with an in-house Matlab tool using linear interpolation of film measurements. 1D and 3D comparisons were made between techniques. Finally, measurements were compared to the Eclipse (Varian) and Tomotherapy (Accuray) TPS calculations.
 
  Advanced radiotherapy techniques (VMATs and tomotherapy) deliver higher out-of-field doses compared to 3DCRT due to increased beam-on time triggered by intensity modulation. Differences increase with distance to tar not suitable for risk assessment.
 This study shows that the high dose conformation allowed by advanced radiotherapy is done at the cost of higher peripheral doses. In the context of treatment-related risk estimation, the consequence of this increase might be significative.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/sumatriptan.html  Modern systems require adapted head shielding and a particular attention has to be taken regarding on-board imaging dose. Finally, TPS advanced dose calculation algorithms do not certify dose accuracy beyond field edges, and thus, those doses are not suitable for risk assessment.