Probiotics have been widely used for host immune system enhancement but with limited knowledge regarding the immunomodulation mechanisms by which they assist the mucosal innate immune response. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/4-hydroxytamoxifen-4-ht-afimoxifene.html We investigated the effects of probiotics on the modulation of the innate mucosal immune response particularly in association with Toll-like receptor (TLR)-2, TLR-4 and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and p105. We randomized 24 male BALB/c mice into four groups. Two groups were administered probiotics for 21 consecutive days; one of these groups was challenged with Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) on day 15. The third group was challenged with only LPS. The fourth group remained untreated. All mice were sacrificed after 21 days. An immunohistochemistry procedure on the ileum was performed and monoclonal antibodies specific for TLR-2, TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 and p105 were used for the analysis of innate lymphoid cells. In the LPS-only treated group, there was a significant decrease in p105, indicating an alternative transcription pathway for the process of pro-inflammatory cytokine production. In the probiotics-only treated group there was significant enhancement of TLR-2 and TLR-4 and NF-κB p65 and p105. When mice treated with probiotics were exposed to LPS, there was a significant decrease in NF-κB p65 and p105, indicating employment of the classical pathway for pro-inflammatory cytokine production. Probiotics can enhance the innate mucosal immune response in healthy mice and can maintain the homeostasis of the gut mucosal immune response against LPS through the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway. Probiotics can enhance the innate mucosal immune response in healthy mice and can maintain the homeostasis of the gut mucosal immune response against LPS through the activation of the classical NF-κB pathway. Lontar ( L.) is widely grown in Indonesia and one of its products is palm sap. Palm sap contains a high level of sugar, making it suitable as a medium to increase the lactic acid bacteria (LAB) production of exopolysaccharides (EPS). This study aimed to isolate the EPS-producing LAB from palm sap and evaluate its EPS production. LAB isolation was carried out on MRS agar containing 0.5% CaCO . The screening and production of EPS were carried out on MRS media supplemented with 10% sucrose. The molecular identification of the selected EPS-producing LAB was based on 16S rDNA. A quantitative analysis of EPS polymer dry mass and total sugar was conducted using one-way ANOVA. In this study, five EPS-producing LABs were found N4, N5, N7, N9, and N10. The highest EPS yield in liquid media was 10.997 ± 1.591 g/L by N7, whereas the lowest was 4.505 ± 0.459 g/L by N10. This study found strains as EPS producers that have never been reported before. This study found Fructobacillus fructosus strains as EPS producers that have never been reported before. , an acid-resistant bacterium, has a protective role against the pathogens. So we aimed to determine the proteome of ATCC39392 strain in response to different pHs of 5 and 7 using proteomic analysis. Supernatant and bacterial extraction of ATCC39392 adapts at pHs 5 and 7 were isolated using sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel and two-dimensional gel electrophoresis. The comparison of results showed that 7 protein spots were seen in pH 5 but not in pH 7. Afterward, they were excised and sent for Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) to be identified. Seven different proteins (four secretory and three structural) with different roles in human body health were identified. Prescribed proteins include putative cell wall associated Hydrolase, Glycoside Hydrolase, beta-N-Acetyl hexosaminidase, Histidine Kinase, Chaperonin, metal dependent Hydrolase and Lysozyme. Seven isolated proteins with anti-cancer and digestive impresses are proper subjects in therapy or drug delivery approaches especially oral drug usage for protection against stomach acidic area. Seven isolated proteins with anti-cancer and digestive impresses are proper subjects in therapy or drug delivery approaches especially oral drug usage for protection against stomach acidic area. Colorectal cancer is one of the most types of cancer. Researchers have shown that lactic acid bacteria have antitumor activity. The cell wall of , as the bacterial cytoplasmic extract and nisin can affect the proliferation of cancer cells. Since cyclin D1 plays an important role in the progression of the cell cycle, its regulation can also be a therapeutic approach. We investigated the antiproliferative effect of cell wall, cytoplasmic extract and nisin on SW480 cancer cell line and the expression level of cyclin D1 gene in treated cancer cells. SW480 cell lines were treated with different concentrations of bacterial cell wall, cytoplasmic extract and nisin. MTT test was also performed. The expression level of cyclin D1 gene was determined using Real time PCR. Data were analyzed using Graph Pad Prism software. The growth rate of cancer cells treated with nisin has significantly decreased compared to the cancer cells treated by other two substances (p< 0.05). Survival rates of the cancer cells treated by nisin at a concentration of 2000 μg, cytoplasmic extract, and cell wall were 34%, 47% and 49%, respectively. Real-time PCR results showed that cyclin D1 mRNA expression has significantly decreased in nisin treated sw480 cells (P<0.05). The results of this study show that nisin, bacterial cytoplasmic extract, and bacterial cell wall have antiproliferative effects, which are associated with the decreased expression of cyclin D1 in SW480 cell line. The results of this study show that nisin, bacterial cytoplasmic extract, and bacterial cell wall have antiproliferative effects, which are associated with the decreased expression of cyclin D1 in SW480 cell line. Nontypeable (NTHi) are major causes of non-invasive infections, including otitis media and sinusitis and it can also contribute to respiratory infections of all ages. Currently, there is no licensed vaccine against NTHi commercially available. Many studies have been conducted on the use of OMV as a vaccine against NTHi. The purpose of this study is to achieve an immunogenic vaccine against NTHi. In this study, standard OMV (ATCC49766) with adjuncts CpG and MPLA was used and after infusion into BALB/c mice, the levels of antibodies and cytokines were measured on serum of immunized mice. The results showed that total IgG antibody and IgG1 and IgG2a isotypes in OMV immunized mice with mixture of CpG-MPLA adjuvant had a significant increase. Also, the results of cytokines (IL-10, IL-4 and IFN-γ) showed that IL-4 had the highest rate. These findings indicate that OMVs derived from NTHi strains have a high potential to act as a vaccine against NTHi infections. These findings indicate that OMVs derived from NTHi strains have a high potential to act as a vaccine against NTHi infections.