Delayed cerebral ischemia (DCI) after aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) has been associated with numerous pathophysiological sequelae, including large artery vasospasm and microvascular thrombosis. The focus of this review is to provide an overview of experimental animal model studies and human autopsy studies that explore the temporal-spatial characterization and mechanism of microvascular platelet aggregation and thrombosis following SAH, as well as to critically assess experimental studies and clinical trials highlighting preventative therapeutic options against this highly morbid pathophysiological process. Upon review of the literature, we discovered that microvascular platelet aggregation and thrombosis occur after experimental SAH across multiple species and SAH induction techniques in a similar time frame to other components of DCI, occurring in the cerebral cortex and hippocampus across both hemispheres. We discuss the relationship of these findings to human autopsy studies. In the final section of this review, we highlight the important therapeutic options for targeting microvascular platelet aggregation and thrombosis, and emphasize why therapeutic targeting of this neurovascular pathology may improve patient care. We encourage ongoing research into the pathophysiology of SAH and DCI, especially in regard to microvascular platelet aggregation and thrombosis and the translation to randomized clinical trials.Contrast-enhanced near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) with indocyanine green (ICG) can be a valid non-invasive, continuous, bedside neuromonitoring tool. However, its usage in moderate and severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients can be unprecise due to their clinical status. This review is targeted at researchers and clinicians involved in the development and application of contrast-enhanced NIRS for the care of TBI patients and can be used to design future studies.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/jnj-64619178.html  This review describes the methods developed to monitor the brain perfusion and the blood-brain barrier integrity using the changes of diffuse reflectance during the ICG passage and the results on studies in animals and humans. The limitations in accuracy of these methods when applied on TBI patients and the proposed solutions to overcome them are discussed. Finally, the analysis of relative parameters is proposed as a valid alternative over absolute values to address some current clinical needs in brain trauma care. In conclusion, care should be taken in the translation of the optical signal into absolute physiological parameters of TBI patients, as their clinical status must be taken into consideration. Discussion on where and how future studies should be directed to effectively incorporate contrast-enhanced NIRS into brain trauma care is given.INTRODUCTION Prepump arterial pressure (Pa) indicates the ease or difficulty with which the blood pump can draw blood from vascular access (inflow) during hemodialysis. The absolute prepump arterial pressure to blood pump speed (Qb) ratio (|Pa/Qb|) may reflect the dysfunction of other vascular accesses. There is no consensus on the impact of |Pa/Qb| on arteriovenous fistula dysfunction. This study aimed to demonstrate the impact of |Pa/Qb| on arteriovenous fistula dysfunction. METHODS In this retrospective analysis, 490 hemodialysis patients with arteriovenous fistula from three hospitals were enrolled. Data were extracted from the I-Diapro database and hospital case systems. The absolute values for |Pa/Qb| and other data collected in the first month of enrollment were used to predict arteriovenous fistula dysfunction and determine the |Pa/Qb| cutoff value. Based on this value, patients were grouped, and 1-year arteriovenous fistula function was analyzed. Patients were followed until arteriovenous fistula dysfunction, until access type replacement, or for 12 months. RESULTS The area under the receiver operating characteristic curve for fistula dysfunction over 1 year was 0.65, with an optimal |Pa/Qb| value, sensitivity, and specificity of 0.499, 60.7%, and 72.6%, respectively. |Pa/Qb| > 0.499 was associated with earlier intervention (317.37 ± 7.68 vs 345.96 ± 3.64 days), lower survival (p  0.499 might be a predictive measure of arteriovenous fistula dysfunction.Male and female victims of sexual violence frequently experience secondary victimization in the form of victim blame and other negative reactions by their social surroundings. However, it remains unclear whether these negative reactions differ from each other, and what mechanisms underlie negative reactions toward victims. In one laboratory study (N = 132) and one online study (N = 421), the authors assessed participants' reactions to male and female victims, and whether different (moral) concerns underlay these reactions. The reactions addressed included positive and negative emotions, behavioral and characterological blame, explicit and implicit derogation, and two measures of distancing. It was hypothesized that male victimization would evoke different types of (negative) reactions compared with female victimization, and that normative concerns would predict a greater proportion of the variance of reactions to male victims than female victims. Multivariate analyses of variance (MANOVAs) were conducted to test whether reactions to male and female (non-)victims differed. Multiple regression analyses were conducted to test the influence of gender traditionality, homonegativity, as well as binding and individualizing moral values on participants' reactions. Results revealed that participants consistently reacted more negatively to victims than to nonvictims, and more so to male than to female targets. Binding values were a regular predictor of negative reactions to victims, whereas they predicted positive reactions to nonvictims. The hypothesis that different mechanisms underlie reactions to male versus female victims was not supported. The discussion addresses implications of this research for interventions targeting secondary victimization and for future research investigating social reactions to victims of sexual violence. It also addresses limitations of the current research and considerations of diversity.