CONCLUSIONS Women with GDM had a certain profile of circulating leptin, with higher baseline concentration but less increase during pregnancy, suggesting an impaired compensatory response to increasing insulin resistance along with the progress of pregnancy. V.Previous studies have shown that FXR is involved in glycolipid metabolism, tissue inflammation and regeneration in organs such as the liver, intestines and kidneys. Although FXR has been reported in cardiac tissue, its function in diabetic cardiomyopathy has not been reported. Here, we successfully constructed a diabetic mouse model of FXR-/- and evaluated the effects of FXR knockout on cardiac function in mice by measuring various indicators. We demonstrated that blood glucose levels in diabetic mice are significantly elevated in the case of FXR knockout. Our findings from cardiac ultrasound and tissue HE staining supported that FXR knockout aggravates diabetic cardiomyopathy. Masson staining of myocardial tissue and quantitative detection of α-SMA by qPCR suggest that FXR knockout exacerbates cardiac fibrosis in diabetic cardiomyopathy. Combined with the results of Oil Red staining and quantitative detection of triglycerides in fresh tissue blocks, we hypothesized that FXR knockout aggravates diabetes-induced cardiac lipid accumulation. Altogether our results revealed a role of the FXR in the diabetic cardiomyopathy, suggesting a possible novel target for the treatment of diabetic cardiomyopathy. AIMS Malondialdehyde-modified low-density lipoprotein (MDA-LDL) level has been reported to be strongly associated with the pathogenesis of cardiovascular diseases. We focused on diabetic status and investigated its possible contribution to MDA-LDL level. METHODS The study sample consisted of 2705 patients who were admitted to our hospital and underwent cardiac catheterization. Blood samples were obtained to measure the levels of fasting blood sugar (FBS), hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), insulin, LDL, MDA-LDL and others. Body mass index (BMI) was also used in constructing structural equation modeling and Bayesian estimation. RESULTS To explore the factors theoretically associated with MDA-LDL level, we performed structural equation modeling. We generated a path model that revealed that BMI, LDL level and FBS were significantly associated with MDA-LDL level (P  less then  0.001 for each factor), whereas insulin level and HbA1c level were not significantly associated (P = NS for both factors). Noted above was clearly demonstrated on the image of 2-D contour line by Bayesian structure equation modeling. CONCLUSIONS This study clearly showed that hyperglycemia affects MDA-LDL level. An interaction between diabetes and dyslipidemia was shown in terms of activation of lipid oxidation. AIMS To evaluate the effect of positive and negative message framing in diabetes education on attitudes, perceived control, and behavioral intentions toward diabetes self-care, and to identify potential moderating effects of health literacy on message framing. METHODS A total of 52 patients with type 2 diabetes that visited an ambulatory endocrinology wing at a university hospital in Korea were randomized into positive or negative message framing groups. Each group watched a 10-minute video that was either positively or negatively framed, accentuating desirable outcomes from good diabetes self-care in the former and undesirable outcomes from inadequate diabetes self-care in the latter. Two-way ANCOVA controlling for HbA1C was conducted to evaluate outcomes. RESULTS Patients who watched the negatively framed message showed significantly more favorable attitudes and perceived control toward diabetes self-care than those who viewed the positively framed message. Message framing had significant indirect effects on behavioral intentions for diabetes self-care that were mediated by attitudes and perceived control. Conversely, no significant interaction effects were observed between health literacy level and message framing of these same markers. CONCLUSION The use of negative message framing in diabetes education is a promising strategy for shaping favorable attitudes, beliefs, and intentions toward diabetes self-care behavior. PURPOSE To evaluate the effectiveness and safety of vildagliptin or vildagliptin/metformin combination among patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) uncontrolled on insulin in a real-world setting in Egypt. METHODS This 12-week, prospective, observational study enrolled T2DM patients. Primary endpoint was mean change in glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) from baseline to Week 12. Secondary endpoints included mean change in body weight, insulin dosage and safety after 12 weeks. RESULTS Of the 90 patients enrolled, 88 (93.6%) completed the study. The mean age was 54.7 years; men, 51.1%; body mass index (BMI), 31.6 kg/m2; T2DM duration, 89.8 months; insulin dose, 55.14 IU/day. At 12 weeks, HbA1c decreased significantly with vildagliptin/metformin (-1.3 ± 0.9%, p  less then  0.0001) and vildagliptin (-1.1 ± 0.9%, p = 0.0001). 27.1% and 11.1% achieved HbA1c less then 7% in vildagliptin/metformin and vildagliptin groups, respectively. Significant mean (±standard deviation [SD]) reduction in body weight (-2.5 ± 7.3 kg, p = 0.0055) and insulin dose (-24.11 ± 22.3 IU, p  less then  0.0001) was observed in the vildagliptin/metformin group. Overall, 8 (8.9%) patients reported 11 (12.2%) adverse events (AEs) and no hypoglycemic events.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/enarodustat.html  AEs possibly related to the study drug (4.2%, in vildagliptin/metformin) were mild in severity. CONCLUSION Vildagliptin with/without metformin as an add-on to insulin resulted in good glycemic control and was well tolerated without any hypoglycemic events. V.AIM This study aimed to systematically review the prevalence of diagnosed sleep disorders in people with diabetes and to determine the association between sleep disorders and blood glucose levels and diabetes outcomes. METHODS We conducted a literature search in the following databases MEDLINE (Pubmed), EMBASE, CINAHL, PsychInfo and Web of Science Citation Index. Meta-analysis (random-effects models) was conducted to estimate the prevalence of sleep disorders in people with diabetes. RESULTS Forty-one articles measured the prevalence of sleep disorders in adults with diabetes. The estimated pooled prevalence of sleep disorders in diabetes was estimated to be 52% (95% CI 42-63%). The highest pooled prevalence was observed for unspecified sleep apnea (69%; 95% CI 59-78%), followed by obstructive sleep apnea (60%; 95% CI 39-80%), and restless leg syndrome (27%; 95% CI 20-34%). Eleven studies examined the association between sleep disorders and diabetes control and complications. The presence of comorbid sleep disorders was associated with increased diabetes outcomes.