7%, 82.4% and 83.3% found it valuable to improve their confidence in preparing for the ABIM among the PGY1, PGY2, and PGY3 residents, respectively. Conclusion Almost all the residents agreed that they would recommend adoption of a similar digital tool in other residency programs. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Greater Baltimore Medical Center.Background Several studies have demonstrated a patient preference for physicians wearing a white coat associated with improved patient satisfaction. There are few studies on physicians' perceptions of attire mainly done in the outpatient and surgical specialties. Objective Assess non-surgical physicians' perception of attire in the hospital and to identify if any difference in the choice of attire amongst generation X and millennial physicians. Methods We surveyed 86 physicians in the hospital with six sets of pictures of commonly worn physician attires in the hospital setting with a two-part questionnaire. Key Results Formal attire with a white coat was found to be most favored, followed by formal without a white coat. Casual attire without a white coat was the least preferred across the surveyed attributes. The results were similar in generation X and millennial physicians. Only 49% concordance was observed with what physicians preferred and what they wore. Conclusion Our study showed that physicians felt wearing a white coat was the best to convey specific attributes like honesty, confidence, professionalism, among others, similar to prior studies done in patients. However, less than half of the physicians surveyed themselves followed the preferred attire. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group on behalf of Greater Baltimore Medical Center.The protected niche of deep-caries lesions is a distinctive ecosystem. We assessed the Candida biome and its cariogenic traits from dentin samples of 50 children with severe-early childhood caries (S-ECC).  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/c646.html  Asymptomatic, primary molars belonging to International Caries Detection and Assessment-ICDAS caries-code 5 and 6 were analyzed, and C. albicans (10-isolates), C. tropicalis (10), C. krusei (10), and C. glabrata (5) isolated from the lesions were then evaluated for their biofilm formation, acidogenicity, and the production of secreted hydrolases hemolysins, phospholipase, proteinase and DNase. Candida were isolated from 14/43 ICDAS-5 lesions (32.5%) and 44/57 ICDAS-6 lesions (77.2%). Compared to, ICDAS-5, a significantly higher frequency of multi-species infestation was observed in ICDAS-6 lesions (p=0.001). All four candidal species (above) showed prolific biofilm growth, and an equal potency for tooth demineralization. A significant interspecies difference in the mean phospholipase, as well as proteinase activity was noted (p  less then  0.05), with C. albicans being the predominant hydrolase producer. Further, a positive correlation between phospholipase and proteinase activity of Candida-isolates was noted (r = 0.818, p less then  0.001). Our data suggest that candidal mycobiota with their potent cariogenic traits may significantly contribute to the development and progression of S-ECC. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.The salivary microbiota (SM), comprising bacteria shed from oral surfaces, has been shown to be individualized, temporally stable and influenced by diet and lifestyle. SM reflects local bacterial alterations of the supragingival and subgingival microbiota, and periodontitis and dental-caries associated characteristics of SM have been reported. Also, data suggest an impact of systemic diseases on SM as demonstrated in patients with a wide variety of systemic diseases including diabetes, cancer, HIV and rheumatoid arthritis. The presence of systemic diseases seems to influence salivary levels of specific bacterial species, as well as α- and β-diversity of SM. The composition of SM might thereby potentially mirror oral and general health status. The contentious development of advanced molecular techniques such as metagenomics, metatranscriptomics and metabolomics has enabled the possibility to address bacterial functions rather than presence in microbial samples. However, at present only a few studies have employed such techniques on SM to reveal functional and metabolic characteristics in oral health and disease. Future studies are therefore warranted to illuminate the possible impact of metabolic functions of SM on oral and general health status. Ultimately, such an approach has the possibility to reveal novel and personalized therapeutic avenues in oral and general medicine. © 2020 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.Background The acquisition of microbial communities and the influence of delivery mode on the oral microbiota of the newborn infant remains poorly characterised. Methods A cohort of pregnant women were enrolled in the study (n = 84). All infants were born full term, by Spontaneous vaginal delivery (SVD) or by Caesarean section (CS). At delivery a saliva sample along with a vaginal/skin sample from the mother. Saliva samples were the taken from the infant within one week of birth, and at week 4, week 8, 6 months and 1 year of age. We used high-throughput sequencing of V4-V5 region 16S rRNA amplicons to compare the microbiota of all samples. Results The vaginal microbiota had a lower alpha diversity than the skin microbiota of the mother, while the infant oral microbiota diversity remained relatively stable from birth to 8 weeks of age. The oral microbiota of the neonate differed by birth modality up to 1 week of age (p less then 0.05), but birth modality did not have any influence on the infant oral microbiota beyond this age. Conclusions We conclude thatbirth mode does not have an effect on the infant oral microbiota beyond 4 weeks of age, and the oral microbiota of infants continues to develop until 1 year of age. © 2019 The Author(s). Published by Informa UK Limited, trading as Taylor & Francis Group.