https://www.selleckchem.com/products/U0126.html This opinion paper expanded on the WHO "six-step approach to optimal pharmacotherapy," by detailed exploration of the underlying pharmacological andpathophysiological principles. This exercise led to the identification of a large number of domains of research that should be addressed to make clinicalpharmacology progress toward "precision clinical pharmacology," as a prerequisite for precision medicine. In order to improve clinical efficacy and safety in patient groups (to guide drug development) as well as in individuals (to guide therapeutic options andoptimize clinical outcome), developments in clinical pharmacology should at least tackle the following (1) molecular diagnostic assays to guide drugdesign and development and allow physicians to identify the optimal targets for therapy in the individual patient in a quick and precise manner (to guideselection of the right drug for the right patient); (2) the setting up and validation of biomarkers of target engagement and modification as predictors ofclin key to achieve such an ambitious program. Ketamine has rapid-onset antidepressant effects in patients with treatment-resistant depression. Common side effects include dissociation (a sense of detachment from reality) and increases in systolic and diastolic blood pressure. The objective of this structured review was to examine the effect of ketamine formulation and route of administration on its pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability, to identify formulation characteristics and routes of administration that might minimise side effects. This was a structured review of published ketamine pharmacokinetics, safety and tolerability data for any ketamine formulation. The ratio of ketaminenorketamine was calculated from reported C values, as a measure of first pass metabolism. The effect of formulation and route of administration on safety was evaluated by measuring mean changes in systolic blood pressure and tolerability