https://www.selleckchem.com/products/od36.html Results showed that three (fast, intermediate and slow) flash flood types were identified from all the flash flood events with overall average silhouette index of 0.45. Hourly hydrographs of three flash flood types were well reproduced by CNFF, with absolute average relative error of runoff within 15% and Nash-Sutcliffe Efficiency above 0.55. All the behavior metrics were the most accurately reproduced for slow flash flood type with the least average relative root-mean-square error (0.30), followed by intermediate (0.52) and fast (0.58) types. Moreover, the slow flash flood type had the most reliable but greatest uncertainty interval of both hydrograph and behavior metrics, with average relative interval length being 1.24 and 71.96%, and 93.10% and 100% of observations contained in 95% confidence interval, respectively. This study provided efficient and detailed information for flash flood management, and extended application scope of hydrological models to encompass flash flood types and behavior metrics.The savannah biome supports unique biodiversity and provides a multitude of ecosystem services. Defining background concentrations for trace elements in the environment is beneficial for the determination of nutrient deficiencies/hotspots and for the management of pollution. Sediment and corresponding vegetation samples were collected around 48 surface water points in two savannah wildlife areas for assessment and comparison of 20 trace elements using ICP-MS. Site-specific and matrix-specific differences were evident for essential B, Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Ni, Se and Zn, potentially toxic As, Cd, Cr, Hg, Pb and V and additional elements Al, Ba, Sb, Sn and Sr analysed. Sediment and vegetation from all sampled locations at both sites contained single or multiple potentially toxic elements at various concentrations. Although the presence of all elements can be linked to underlying geology and geochemistry specific to each si