Many pharmaceutical, surgical, and complementary medical interventions are used for primary dysmenorrhea treatment. However, no consensus has been reached about the most effective intervention.
 
  To compare the efficacy and safety of IV tramadol versus IV paracetamol in relieving acute pain of primary dysmenorrhea.
 
  This randomized controlled trial was conducted in a tertiary referral hospital and included 100 patients between 18 and 35 years old diagnosed with primary dysmenorrhea. Patients received either 1-g paracetamol or 100-mg tramadol in 100-mL normal saline as an IV infusion over 10 min. Pain intensity was measured by using a visual analog scale at 15, 30, 60 min, and 2 h. We recorded drug side effects and requirements for rescue analgesics.
 
  Pain scores were significantly lower in the tramadol group compared with the paracetamol group at 15, 30, 60 min, and 2 h (p < 0.001). Fewer patients in the tramadol group needed rescue analgesics compared with the paracetamol group (p = 0.04). No significant differences were reported in side effects between both groups.
 
  IV tramadol is superior to IV paracetamol in relieving acute pain of primary dysmenorrhea with a comparable side effect profile.
 IV tramadol is superior to IV paracetamol in relieving acute pain of primary dysmenorrhea with a comparable side effect profile.
  A diet low in fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyols (FODMAP) has been shown to reduce symptoms among adult patients and children with irritable bowel syndrome. There are no studies investigating the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet in pediatric patients with functional abdominal pain (FAP).
 
  The study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of the low FODMAP diet in reducing gastrointestinal symptoms in children with FAP in comparison to the control diet based on the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) guidelines.
 
  Twenty-seven children with diagnosed FAP were randomized to 2 groups. Each group received an intervention the low FODMAP diet or the diet based on NICE.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vvd-214.html  All food was prepared and delivered by a catering company. Data regarding gastrointestinal symptoms were recorded by participants during the 2-week baseline assessment and 4-week dietary intervention. The frequencies of abdominal pain and stools were reported as a number of events per day. The severity of abdominal pain was assessed using the Wong-Baker FACES Pain Rating Scale. The assessment of stool consistency was based on the Bristol Stool Form Scale.
 
  The tendency toward the improvement in abdominal symptoms was noted in the low FODMAP group but without statistical significance. No significant differences in stool consistency were observed in this group. The NICE group experienced significant reduction in abdominal pain intensity and frequency (p < 0.01) and improvement in stool consistency (93% reporting normal stool, p < 0.05).
 
  The results of this pilot study suggest that the low FODMAP diet is not effective in the reduction of symptoms in children with FAP.
 The results of this pilot study suggest that the low FODMAP diet is not effective in the reduction of symptoms in children with FAP.
  Dermoscopy is useful for the evaluation of juvenile xanthogranuloma (JXG). The classical "setting sun" pattern is characteristic of JXG, but its sensibility appears to be limited. An extensive description of other dermoscopic findings is not available in the literature.
 
  The aim of this study was to valuate and describe the clinical and dermoscopic characteristics of a series of JXG cases.
 
  This is a retrospective descriptive study, including cases with histopathologic diagnosis of JXG, and the availability of clinical and dermoscopic images, assessed for the presence of dermoscopic features based on the available literature.
 
  A total of 17 lesions were analyzed. 70.6% showed global symmetry, 35.3% presented the typical "setting sun" pattern. All lesions showed yellow-orange and/or pink-red structureless color. Other dermoscopic features were yellow globules (35.3%), shiny white streaks (23.5%), brown globules (17.6%), pale-brown network (11.8%), negative network (11.8%), erosion/ulceration (11.8%), rosettes (5.9%), and hemorrhage (5.9%). Scales were seen in 64.7% of patients. Vascular structures were observed in all the lesions, mostly in an irregular distribution (76.5%). The observed vessel types were dotted (52.9%), linear (52.9%), branching-arboriform (29.4%), comma-like (23.5%), hairpin-like (17.6%), globular (17.6%), coiled (11.8%), and milky-red globules (5.9%).
 
  Symmetry, yellow/orange-pink/red color, yellow globules, shiny white streaks, and irregularly distributed different types of vascular structures are the main dermoscopic features of JXG. This is the largest dermoscopic registry of JXG published to date.
 Symmetry, yellow/orange-pink/red color, yellow globules, shiny white streaks, and irregularly distributed different types of vascular structures are the main dermoscopic features of JXG. This is the largest dermoscopic registry of JXG published to date.
  Cerebral small vessel disease (SVD) lesions on MRI are common in patients with cognitive impairment. It has been suggested that cerebral hypoperfusion is involved in the etiology of these lesions.
 
  The aim of the study was to determine the relationship between cerebral blood flow (CBF) and SVD burden in patients referred to a memory clinic with SVD on MRI.
 
  We included 132 memory clinic patients (mean age 73 ± 10, 56% male) with SVD on MRI. We excluded patients with large non-lacunar cortical infarcts. Global CBF (mL/min per 100 mL of brain tissue) was derived from 2-dimensional phase-contrast MRI focused on the internal carotid arteries and the basilar artery. SVD burden was defined as the sum of (each 1 point) white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) Fazekas 1 or more, lacunes, microbleeds (MBs), or enlarged perivascular spaces (PVS) presence, and each SVD feature separately. Linear regression analyses were performed to study the association between CBF and SVD burden, age- and sex-adjusted.
 
  Median SVD bunic cohort, indicating that in this setting these lesions were not primarily due to cerebral hypoperfusion.