Furthermore, pooling expertise and resources through joint procurement has the potential for greater savings. Incentivising research and development within the pharmaceutical industry is essential for sustaining a competitive market, preventing monopolies and improving access to expensive treatments. However, technical capacity, forecasting demand and the quality of generic medicines present limitations which necessitate government support and international partnerships. Ultimately, improving access requires progressive financing mechanisms with patients and cost containment in mind.BACKGROUND Endoscopic frontal sinus surgery is frequently complicated by post-operative stenosis and obstruction of the frontal sinus outflow tract, resulting in recurrent disease. Frontal sinus stents may help prevent re-occlusion of the frontal neo-ostia. OBJECTIVE This paper presents a simple and cost-effective approach to frontal sinus stenting using modified Silastic nasal splints. RESULTS AND CONCLUSION The current technique provides an effective, reliable and inexpensive method for achieving post-operative frontal sinus outflow tract patency.Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is a chronic disorder characterised by recurrent abdominal pain or discomfort and transit disturbances with heterogeneous pathophysiological mechanisms. The link between food and gastrointestinal (GI) symptoms is often reported by patients with IBS and the role of fructose has recently been highlighted. Fructose malabsorption can easily be assessed by hydrogen and/or methane breath test in response to 25 g fructose; and its prevalence is about 22 % in patients with IBS. The mechanism of fructose-related symptoms is incompletely understood. Osmotic load, fermentation and visceral hypersensitivity are likely to participate in GI symptoms in the IBS population and may be triggered or worsened by fructose. A low-fructose diet could be integrated in the overall treatment strategy, but its role and implication in the improvement of IBS symptoms should be evaluated. In the present review, we discuss fructose malabsorption in adult patients with IBS and the interest of a low-fructose diet in order to underline the important role of fructose in IBS.Using longitudinal data from the first and second waves of the Young Lives Study (YLS) in Ethiopia, India (Andhra Pradesh), Peru and Vietnam, conducted in 2002 and 2006-07, and a repeated measures mixed model, this study examined the effect of the use of solid fuels for cooking on childhood stunting among children aged 5-76 months.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/cbr-470-1.html  The analysis showed that in all four populations, the average height-for-age z-score (HAZ score) was much lower among children living in households using solid fuels than among children in households using cleaner fuels for cooking. The average HAZ score was lower among children living in households that used solid fuels in both waves of the YLS compared with those whose households used solid fuels in only one of the two waves. A significant reduction was noted in the average HAZ score between the two waves in all countries except Ethiopia. The results of the repeated measures mixed model suggest that household use of solid fuels was significantly associated with lower HAZ scores in all populations, except Ethiopia. The findings also indicate that the reduction in the HAZ scores between waves 1 and 2 was not statistically significant by the type of cooking fuel after controlling for potential confounding factors. The study provides further evidence of a strong association between household use of solid fuels and childhood stunting in low- and middle-income countries using longitudinal data. The findings highlight the need to reduce exposure to smoke from the combustion of solid fuels, by shifting households to cleaner cooking fuels, where feasible, by providing cooking stoves with improved combustion of solid fuels and improved venting, and by designing and implementing public information campaigns to inform people about the health risks of exposure to cooking smoke.Evidence has suggested that honey intake has a beneficial impact on glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes. Whether these findings apply adults with prediabetes is yet unclear. The aim of the present study was to examine whether honey intake is associated with a lower prevalence of prediabetes. A cross-sectional study was performed in 18,281 participants (mean [standard deviation] age 39.6 [11.1] years; men, 51.5%). Dietary intake was assessed through a validated 100-item food frequency questionnaire. Prediabetes was defined according to the American Diabetes Association criteria impaired fasting glucose, impaired glucose tolerance, or raised glycosylated hemoglobin. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to estimate the association between honey consumption and prediabetes. As compared with those who almost never consumed honey, the multivariable odds ratios (95% confidence interval) of prediabetes were 0.94 (0.86, 1.02) for ≤3 times/week, 0.77 (0.63, 0.94) for 4-6 times/week, and 0.85 (0.73, 0.99) for ≥1 times/day (P for trend less then 0.01). These associations did not differ substantially in sensitivity analysis. Higher honey consumption was associated with a decreased prevalence of prediabetes. More large prospective cohort studies are needed to investigate this association.N-carbamylglutamate (NCG) has been shown to enhance arginine synthesis and improve growth performance in animals. However, the effect of NCG on body fat deposition remains unknown. This study examined the effects of NCG on body fat deposition and evaluated the potential mechanisms involved. 3-month-old Rex rabbits were assigned to one of four dietary groups and supplemented with NCG at the following different concentrations in a feeding trial that lasted 67 days 0 (control), 0.04%, 0.08%, and 0.12%. NCG supplementation increased serum concentrations of arginine and proline by activating intestinal carbamoylphosphate synthase-І at the posttranscriptional level. Final body weights and growth performance were not affected by dietary NCG levels. However, NCG-treated rabbits had lower perirenal and subcutaneous fat percentages, serum triglyceride (TG) content, and hepatic fatty acid synthase (FAS) activity and increased nitric oxide synthase activity and serum levels of nitric oxide (NO), growth hormone (GH), and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1).