The effect of marine-derived sea cucumber sterol (SS) with a special sulfate group on lipid accumulation remains unknown, although phytosterol has been proved to have many biological activities, including lowering blood cholesterol. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the alleviation of SS on lipid accumulation and the possible underlying mechanism using high-fat-fructose diet fed mice. Dietary administration with SS for 8 weeks reduced significantly the body weight gain and lipid levels in serum and liver. Especially, SS was superior to phytosterol in lowering lipid accumulation due to the great promotion of fatty acid β-oxidation, the inhibition of cholesterol synthesis, and the acceleration of cholesterol efflux. The findings found that sea cucumber sterol exhibited a more significant effect than phytosterol on alleviating HFF-diet-induced lipid accumulation through regulating lipid and cholesterol metabolism, which might be attributed to the difference in the branch chain and sulfate group.To study the combined effect of the flavonoid quercetin and fish oil containing ω-3 fatty acids on preventing diet-induced metabolic syndrome, we fed mice with a control diet, a high-fat, high-sucrose, and high-cholesterol Western-style diet (Western diet), a Western diet supplemented with 0.05% quercetin, a Western diet containing 5% fish oil rich in docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) (DHA diet), or a DHA diet supplemented with 0.05% quercetin. After 18 weeks of feeding, fish oil potentiated the suppression of lipid peroxidation by quercetin in the liver but not in the epididymal adipose tissue. Fish oil but not quercetin suppressed the accumulation of non-esterified fatty acids and the expression of fatty acid synthase in the liver of Western-diet-fed mice. Thus, the combination of quercetin and DHA-rich fish oil may partly alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by reducing oxidative stress and suppressing fatty acid synthesis.Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is the most common cause of liver disease due to lipid accumulation in the hepatocyte. Diet, especially a high-fat diet, is one risk factor that leads to NAFLD. Many natural compounds such as isoflavones have antiobesity effects. Therefore, intake of these functional compounds through daily dietary choices is a method of improving health. Miso is a kind of fermented soy paste, which is rich in isoflavones and has a different biological activity. In this study, we investigated the effects of different concentrations of fermented soy paste on NAFLD in high-fat-diet (HFD)-fed Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats. The results showed that 2% fermented soy paste decreased serum triacylglycerol (TG) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and reduced lipid accumulation in the liver through induced fatty acid oxidation by activating the adenosine 5'-monophosphate -activated protein kinase (AMPK) pathway and increasing PGC1α and CPT1α protein expression. Furthermore, we found that 2% fermented soy paste increased the abundance of Prevotellaceae NK3B31 and Desulfovibrio. Taken together, fermented soy paste improved HFD-induced lipid accumulation in the liver by activating fatty acid oxidation and modulating gut microbiota.The water dispersibility, chemical stability, and bioaccessibility of curcumin, a labile hydrophobic nutraceutical, can be enhanced by incorporating it inside the oil droplets of oil-in-water emulsions or nanoemulsions. In these multiphase systems, the curcumin remains relatively stable to degradation when surrounded by oil but degrades rapidly when surrounded by water. We hypothesized that the size of the lipid droplets would therefore impact the stability of encapsulated curcumin by altering the surface area of oil exposed to water. The effect of droplet surface area on the kinetics of curcumin degradation was therefore studied by producing emulsions with different mean droplet diameters (d32) and therefore different specific surface areas (AS) large (d32 = 20.9 μm; AS = 300 m2 kg-1); medium (d32 = 2.53 μm; AS = 2500 m2 kg-1); small (d32 = 0.26 μm; AS = 24,000 m2 kg-1); and very small (d32 = 0.083 μm; AS = 80,000 m2 kg-1) emulsions. All the emulsions initially had milky-yellow appearances and were relativelparticular, it suggests that emulsions are more effective at chemically stabilizing curcumin than nanoemulsions.The products of the cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP)-catalyzed oxidation of arachidonic acid (AA), that is, epoxy- and hydroxy-fatty acids, play a crucial role in the homeostasis of several physiological processes. In a liver microsome-based multienzyme assay using AA as natural substrate, we investigated how polyphenols inhibit different oxylipin-forming CYP in parallel but independently from each other. The ω-hydroxylating CYP4F2 and CYP4A11 were investigated, as well as the epoxidizing CYP2C-subfamily and CYP3A4 along with the (ω-n)-hydroxylating CYP1A1 and CYP2E1. The oxylipin formation was inhibited by several polyphenols with a remarkable selectivity and a potency comparable to known CYP inhibitors. The flavone apigenin inhibited the epoxidation, ω-hydroxylation, and (ω-n)-hydroxylation of AA with IC50 values of 4.4-9.8, 2.9-10, and 10-25 μM, respectively. Other flavones such as wogonin selectively inhibited CYP1A1-catalyzed (ω-n)-hydroxylation with an IC50 value of 0.10-0.22 μM, while the isoflavone genistein was a selective ω-hydroxylase inhibitor (IC50 5.5-46 μM). Of note, the flavanone naringenin and the anthocyanidin perlargonidin did not inhibit CYPs of the AA cascade. Moderate permeability of apigenin as tested in the Caco-2 model of intestinal absorption (Papp 4.5 ± 1 × 10-6 cm/s) and confirmation of the inhibition of 20-HETE formation by apigenin in the colorectal cancer-derived cell line HCT 116 (IC50 1.5-8.8 μM) underline the possible in vivo relevance of these effects. Further research is needed to better understand how polyphenols impact human health by this newly described molecular mode of action.γ-Glutamyl valine (γ-EV), commonly found in edible beans, was shown to reduce gastrointestinal inflammation via activation of calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs). The present study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of γ-EV in modulating the tumor necrosis factor-α-induced inflammatory responses in endothelial cells (ECs) via CaSR-mediated pathways. Human aortic ECs (HAoECs) were pretreated (2 h) with γ-EV (0.01, 0.1, and 1 mM). 1 mM pretreatment of γ-EV significantly reduced the upregulation of inflammatory adhesion molecules, VCAM-1 and E-selectin, by 44.56 and 57.41%, respectively.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/FK-506-(Tacrolimus).html  The production of cytokines IL-8 and IL-6 was significantly reduced by 40 and 51%, respectively, with 1 mM pretreatment of γ-EV. Similarly, there was a significant reduction in chemokine MCP-1 from a positive control of 9.70 ± 0.52 to 6.6 ± 0.43 ng/mL, after γ-EV treatment. The anti-inflammatory effect of γ-EV was attenuated by the treatment of the CaSR-specific inhibitor, NPS-2143, suggesting the involvement of CaSR-mediated pathways.