1 mM.Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent across all stages of Bipolar Disorder. Despite a wealth of research on the neurophysiological features of sleep in this population, progress in this field has been slow. We aimed to review the literature on sleep electroencephalography (EEG) studies in Bipolar Disorder, considering sleep architecture and microstructural oscillatory activity. We included a total of 22 studies six on sleep during manic episodes, seven during depressive episodes, seven in euthymic patients and two in high-risk individuals. The most consistent findings were increased SOL and REM density across all stages of the disorder. Only two studies reported a reduced spindle count during bipolar depression and euthymia, respectively. Although not specific for Bipolar Disorder, SOL and REM density have been repeatedly found to be increased across all stages of illness in this population. Whereas the former reflects a difficulty initiating sleep, the latter can be considered a neurophysiological signature of patients' overall reduced sleep need, independent of illness stage. Recent reviews yield contradictory findings regarding the efficacy of working memory training and transfer to untrained tasks. We reviewed working memory updating (WMU) training studies and examined cognitive and neural outcomes on training and transfer tasks. Database searches for adult brain imaging studies of WMU training were conducted. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Temsirolimus.html Training-induced neural changes were assessed qualitatively, and meta-analyses were performed on behavioural training and transfer effects. A large behavioural training effect was found for WMU training groups compared to control groups. There was a moderate near transfer effect on tasks in the same cognitive domain, and a non-significant effect for far transfer to other cognitive domains. Functional neuroimaging changes for WMU training tasks revealed consistent frontoparietal activity decreases while both decreases and increases were found for subcortical regions. WMU training promotes plasticity and has potential applications in optimizing interventions for neurological populations. Future research should focus on the mechanisms and factors underlying plasticity and generalisation of training gains. WMU training promotes plasticity and has potential applications in optimizing interventions for neurological populations. Future research should focus on the mechanisms and factors underlying plasticity and generalisation of training gains.The Sp family of transcription factors plays important functions during development and disease. An evolutionary conserved role for some Sp family members is the control of limb development. The family is characterized by the presence of three C2H2-type zinc fingers and an adjacent 10 aa region with an unknown function called the Buttonhead (BTD) box. The presence of this BTD-box in all Sp family members identified from arthropods to vertebrates, suggests that it plays an essential role during development. However, despite its conservation, the in vivo function of the BTD-box has never been studied. In this work, we have generated specific BTD-box deletion alleles for the Drosophila Sp family members Sp1 and buttonhead (btd) using gene editing tools and analyzed its role during development. Unexpectedly, btd and Sp1 mutant alleles that lack the BTD-box are viable and have almost normal appendages. However, in a sensitized background the requirement of this domain to fully regulate some of Sp1 and Btd target genes is revealed. Furthermore, we have also identified a novel Sp1 role promoting leg vs antenna identity through the repression of spineless (ss) expression in the leg, a function that also depends on the Sp1 BTD-box. To evaluate usefulness of hyaluronic acid (HA) hydrogel as a tumour bed marker in breast conserving therapy (BCT). To analyze inter- (Inter-OV) and intraobserver (Intra-OV) variability of contouring boost target volume (CTV ) in external beam radiotherapy (EBRT). Thirty-two patients in the HA group and 30 patients in the control group with an early stage breast cancer were included in the study. During the surgery 1-3ml of HA hydrogel was injected into breast to mark the tumour bed for every patient in the HA group. Moreover, surgical clips were placed underneath the lumpectomy cavity. Patients in the control group were marked only by metal markers. Three radiation oncologists delineated CTV twice for every patient. Three parameters were calculated to quantify contouring variability coefficient of variation for volumes (COV ), center of mass displacement (CoMd) and conformity index (CI). There were no significant differences between mean values of COV for HA and control group, neither for Intra-OV (0.14 vs 0.13) nor Inter-OV (0.19 vs 0.18) calculations. The mean CoMd were 6.1mm and 9.1mm for Inter-OV calculations and 3.9mm and 6.4mm for Intra-OV in the HA and the control group respectively. The mean CI for Intra-OV improved from 0.61 to 0.65 and from 0.47 to 0.56 for Inter-OV in the control and HA group respectively. HA hydrogel used as a tumour bed marker improves tumour bed visibility and reduces inter- and intraobserver variability of EBRT boost target volume delineations. HA hydrogel used as a tumour bed marker improves tumour bed visibility and reduces inter- and intraobserver variability of EBRT boost target volume delineations. Visual impairment (VI) can have a detrimental impact on vision-related quality of life (VRQoL), butitis still unclear how this relationship varies with age across the VI spectrum. We determined the age-stratified, cross-sectional, and longitudinal associations between VI severity and VRQoL. The baseline and follow-up Singapore Chinese Eye Studies (SCES-1/-2; 2009-2011 and 2015-2017). A total of 3068 SCES-1 participants (mean age [standard deviation SD] 59.5 [9.8] years; 50.2% female) and 1919 SCES-2 participants (mean age [SD] 56.8 [8.3] years; 49.9% female). Visual impairment was defined as visual acuity (VA) of > 0.3 logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution (logMAR) units; VI severity as mild-moderate (logMAR scores less than the median of all individuals with VI) and severe (logMAR scores median or greater); and VI incidence as VI absence at baseline, but evident at follow-up. Age was stratified into 40 to 49 years, 50 to 64 years, and ≥65 years. Rasch-transformed scores from the 32-item Impact of Visual Impairment (IVI) questionnaire were used to measure the "Reading," "Mobility," and "Emotional" domains of VRQoL.