https://www.selleckchem.com/products/hada-hydrochloride.html In this work, we show that cavatappi contracts more than 50% of its initial length and exhibits mechanical contractile efficiencies near 45%. We also demonstrate that cavatappi artificial muscles can exhibit a maximum specific work and power of 0.38 kilojoules per kilogram and 1.42 kilowatts per kilogram, respectively. Continued development of this technology will likely lead to even higher performance in the future.This special issue showcases developments in microactuation, microparticle control, and micro/nanorobots for biomedicine.Perseverance could be the first robot to find Mars microfossils.Science fiction cannot match the admirable inventiveness of Perseverance, Ingenuity, and other planetary rovers.Reinforcement learning enables microswimmers to navigate through noisy and unexplored real-world environments.Microscale programmable shape-memory actuators based on reversible electrochemical reactions can provide exciting opportunities for microrobotics.Neutrophil-based microrobots accomplish the mission of crossing the blood-brain barrier for targeted drug delivery.Robot swarms have, to date, been constructed from artificial materials. Motile biological constructs have been created from muscle cells grown on precisely shaped scaffolds. However, the exploitation of emergent self-organization and functional plasticity into a self-directed living machine has remained a major challenge. We report here a method for generation of in vitro biological robots from frog (Xenopus laevis) cells. These xenobots exhibit coordinated locomotion via cilia present on their surface. These cilia arise through normal tissue patterning and do not require complicated construction methods or genomic editing, making production amenable to high-throughput projects. The biological robots arise by cellular self-organization and do not require scaffolds or microprinting; the amphibian cells are highly amenable to surgical, genet