e., increased aromaticity and decreased alkyl CO-alkyl C ratio. However, differences of land use impact were observed in MOM-OC, e.g., overall decreased aromaticity and increased alkyl CO-alkyl C for all soils in NMR, and in DRIFT, it varied with soil type (aromaticity Ferralsol, Vertisol > Luvisol, Solonetz). However, these trends were inconsistent and indistinct among fractions of four soils. Discrepancy in NMR and DRIFT results was ascribed to the sensitivity limitations of the two techniques in characterising soil OM in mineral rich fractions, and sample pre-treatment effect in NMR. We conclude that combination of NMR and DRIFT spectroscopy, preferably supplemented by other techniques e.g., mass spectroscopy and XPS, would improve the proficiency in elucidating small changes in soil OM composition with land use conversion. The spatial distribution of isotopic signatures in the form of isoscape is a valuable tool to map their spatial heterogeneity in various environmental settings. However, only limited information about δ18O and δ2H in water across South Korea is available and to our knowledge no study so far has tried to examine the isotopic heterogeneity of tap water and human scalp hair in South Korea. Here, we present the first national scale analyses of stream water, groundwater, tap water, and human scalp hair isoscapes for South Korea. Stream water, groundwater, tap water, and human scalp hair samples were collected from across South Korea. These samples were analyzed for δ18O and δ2H, and the isotopic data were then used to generate interpolated δ18O and δ2H isoscapes for South Korea. The results of linear regression analyses showed strong and significant relationships between δ18Ohair and δ18Owater (R2 = 0.83, P  less then  0.002) and between δ2Hhair and δ2Hwater (R2 = 0.74, P  less then  0.006), primarily reflecting a close co-relationship between water and hair. The slopes of linear regressions for δ18O (Δδ18Ohair/Δδ18Owater) and δ2H (Δδ2Hhair/Δδ2Hwater) suggested that approximately 27% of hydrogen and 36% of oxygen in hair keratin were derived from the local drinking water. Interpolated δ18O and δ2H isotope maps of stream water, groundwater, and tap water samples collected from across South Korea showed similar spatial patterns of isotope variability. These samples showed a clear latitudinal gradient with high isotopic values in the south which progressively decrease toward the north. The same trends were observed in hair isoscapes as well, and had gradients matching the isotopic pattern of water samples. The strong relationship between water and human hair, and the consistent spatial pattern between them suggest that hair isotope signatures in South Korea can be used in provenance- and forensic-related activities.  https://www.selleckchem.com/  Struvite precipitation may become ineffective in removing phosphorus due to the low concentration of phosphate in the liquid. In this study, electrolysis with a magnesium anode was applied to recovering phosphorus and ammonia as struvite from wastewater. A novel electrodialysis process (ED) with a magnesium anode was developed, and its feasibility to treat synthetic wastewater with low phosphate concentration was demonstrated in a pilot-scale experimental system. To achieve high phosphate removal efficiency in the product stream, the optimal initial pH and flow rate were found to be 8.8 and 200 L h-1, respectively, for the ED system at a constant current of 0.1 A. The pilot-scale ED system under the consecutive batch mode removed 65% phosphate from the synthetic wastewater containning 10 mg L-1P, and the phosphate concentration in the product stream was kept at 30 mg L-1 after 280 min. The running cost of the ED system was estimated to be $31.27 kg-1 P for synthetic wastewater with 10 mg L-1 P, mainly resulting from the cost of the loss of the magnesium anode. The precipitates generated from the product stream were confirmed as struvite by XRD analysis. Understanding soil moisture spatiotemporal variability at regional scales is of great importance for studying various ecohydrological and land surface processes. In this study, long-term soil moisture data (5 years) were obtained from three regional monitoring networks across the continental United States with contrasting climatic conditions, including the Enviro-weather Automated Weather Station Network in Michigan, the Nebraska Mesonet, and the Soil Climate Analysis Network in Utah. Both soil moisture spatial variance and temporal variance were decomposed into time-invariant and time-variant components. To evaluate the impacts of different environmental factors on soil moisture spatiotemporal variability and its contribution components, static (e.g., soil properties) and non-static (e.g., climatic variables) environmental factors were also compiled for the stations of each network. The results showed that the time-invariant component was the leading factor for controlling the soil moisture spatial variance in all study regions with marked seasonal variations due to changes in soil moisture wetness conditions. More importantly, the soil moisture spatial variance and its contribution components (in absolute values and relative contributions) were shown to be affected by both soil properties (e.g., soil texture) and climatic conditions (e.g., precipitation) with varying degrees of impacts among the study regions. Meanwhile, the results further revealed that depending on the region under consideration, static and non-static environmental factors could play important roles in determining soil moisture temporal dynamics and its contribution components at regional scales. Overall, this study provided additional observational evidence, which underscored the importance of local factors (e.g., soil properties) in determining soil moisture spatiotemporal variability at regional scales. The ubiquitous appearance of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (i.e., naproxen) in water bodies has raised enormous concerns among general public. Development of promising materials for eliminating such contaminants from water environment has attracted much attention in the scientific community. In this study, three (direct, post-treated and pre-treated) methods were developed to prepare biochars (800-PSB, 800-800-PSB, and 190-800-PSB, respectively) derived from the wastes of peanut shells (PS). They were thoroughly characterized by various important properties (i.e., porosity and superficial functional group) and applied to remove naproxen drug from water. Results indicated that although the pre- and post-treatments had a slight effect on the surface area of biochars (i.e., 571 m2/g for 800-PSB, 596 m2/g for 800-800-PSB, and 496 m2/g for 190-800-PSB), such treatments remarkably improved the adsorption capacity of biochar. The maximum adsorption capacity of biochar (obtained from the Langmuir model) towards naproxen in solution at 25 decreased in the following order 800-800-PSB (324 mg/g) > 190-800-PSB (215 mg/g) > 800-PSB (105 mg/g).