The association between cesarean section and the risk of postpartum depressive symptoms remains controversial.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/VX-770.html  The present prebirth cohort study examined this issue in Japan.
 
  Study subjects were 1310 women. Information under study was obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Postpartum depressive symptoms were defined as a total Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale score of nine or higher between three and four months postpartum. Multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to adjust for age, body mass index, gestational weeks at baseline, gestational weeks at delivery, number of children at baseline, previous miscarriage or stillbirth, previous abortion, history of depression, family history of depression, region of residence, employment status, educational level, household income, family structure, breastfeeding status, smoking during pregnancy, infant's birthweight, and infant's sex.
 
  Postpartum depressive symptoms were identified in 8.2%. After adjustment for the confounding factors, compared with vaginal delivery, cesarean section was independently associated with an increased risk of postpartum depressive symptoms the adjusted odds ratio (OR) was 1.95 (95% confidence interval [CI] 1.16-3.23). This positive association was more apparent among those who had no other children at baseline than among those who already had one or more children the adjusted ORs were 2.94 (95% CI 1.35-6.26) and 1.45 (95% CI 0.68-2.92), respectively; however, this interaction was not significant.
 
  Information on whether each cesarean section was emergency or elective and other obstetric complications was not available.
 
  Cesarean section may be associated with an increased risk of postpartum depressive symptoms, especially among women without children at baseline.
 Cesarean section may be associated with an increased risk of postpartum depressive symptoms, especially among women without children at baseline.
  Suicide is a major health concern worldwide, thus, identifying risk factors would enable a more comprehensive understanding and prevention of this behaviour. Neuropsychological alterations could lead to difficulties in interpreting and managing life events resulting in a higher risk of suicide.
 
  A systematic literature search from 2000 to 2020 was performed in Medline (Pubmed), Web of Science, SciELO Citation Index, PsycInfo, PsycArticles and Cochrane Library databases regarding studies comparing cognition of attempters versus non-attempters that share same psychiatric diagnosis.
 
  1.885 patients diagnosed with an Affective Disorder (n=1512) and Schizophrenia/ Schizoaffective Disorder (n=373) were included. In general comparison, attention was found to be clearly dysfunctional. Regarding diagnosis, patients with Schizophrenia and previous history of suicidal behaviour showed a poorer performance in executive function. Patients with current symptoms of an Affective Disorder and a previous history of suicidal attempt had poorer performance in attention and executive function. Similarly, euthymic affective patients with history of suicidal behaviour had worse decision-making, attention and executive function performance compared to euthymic non-attempters.
 
  The number of papers included in this review is limited to the few studies using non-attempter clinically-matched control group and therefore results regarding diagnosis, symptomatology and time of the attempt are modest and contradictory.
 
  Patients who have attempted suicide have a poorer neuropsychological functioning than non-attempters with a similar psychiatric disorder in attention and executive function. These alterations increase vulnerability for suicide.
 Patients who have attempted suicide have a poorer neuropsychological functioning than non-attempters with a similar psychiatric disorder in attention and executive function. These alterations increase vulnerability for suicide.
  Spatial working memory (SWM) is known to be impaired in children with Major depressive disorder (MDD), and, separately, Dysthymic disorder (DD) (DSM V persistent depressive disorder equivalent). Yet, it remains unclear whether MDD or DD is associated with worse SWM impairment, whether DD adds to the SWM impairments evident in MDD and whether these findings are evident in children as well as adolescents with MDD and DD.
 
  The association of SWM and its strategy and spatial span components is explored in carefully defined children and adolescents (age 6-16 years) with MDD alone (N=29), MDD and DD (N=130), DD alone (N=154) compared to healthy typically developing participants (N=107), controlling for age, gender, full scale IQ and social adversity status. The relationship between SWM and its strategy and span components and anxious/depressed and inattentive symptoms were also examined.
 
  MDD was associated with worse SWM impairment than DD and there was no evidence of an additive effect of MDD and DD on SWM, strategy and spatial span deficits. Further, these findings were age-independent.
 
  The data presented are cross sectional and limited to SWM deficits in MDD and/or DD.
 
  This study concurs with and extends current influential models about the cognitive effects of MDD and DD. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
 This study concurs with and extends current influential models about the cognitive effects of MDD and DD. Clinical implications and future research directions are discussed.
  Acute ankle injury causes damage to joint mechanoreceptors and deafferentation and contributes to proprioception deficits in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI). We aimed to explore whether deficits of proprioception, including kinesthesia and joint position sense (JPS), exist in patients with CAI when compared with the uninjured contralateral side and healthy people. We hypothesized that proprioception deficits did exist in patients with CAI and that the deficits varied by test methodologies.
 
  The study was a systematic review and meta-analysis. We identified studies that compared kinesthesia or JPS in patients with CAI with the uninjured contralateral side or with healthy controls. Meta-analyses were conducted for the studies with similar test procedures, and narrative syntheses were undertaken for the rest.
 
  A total of 7731 studies were identified, of which 30 were included for review. A total of 21 studies were eligible for meta-analysis. Compared with the contralateral side, patients with CAI had ankle kinesthesia deficits in inversion and plantarflexion, with a standardized mean difference (SMD) of 0.