???Purpose Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor in children and has a greater incidence in children with a history of prematurity and very low birth weight. To increase awareness of the association between prematurity and hepatoblastoma for health care providers who treat children with Cerebral Palsy (CP), we present two case reports. Methods Two case reports of premature, very low birth weight infants with hepatoblastoma are described and a literature review of hepatoblastoma in the setting of prematurity and cerebral palsy is performed. Results Each patient had a history of 26-28 week prematurity, very low birth weight, and CP. Both presented with worsening constipation and abdominal distension that did not respond to oral medications. Appropriate referrals to the ER were made which lead to a diagnosis of hepatoblastoma. Pediatric rehabilitation was a source of referral for diagnosis in one patient and aided in the rehabilitation course following treatment for both patients. Conclusions Hepatoblastoma is the most common primary liver tumor in children and has an increased incidence in children with a history of prematurity and very low birth weight. Providers who frequently care for the very low birth weight and premature children with CP should be aware of this correlation and include hepatoblastoma in the differential when managing patients with suddenly worsening constipation or abdominal distension. Pediatric physiatrists and other providers for these patients could be a source of referrals and diagnosis leading to timely treatment.Purpose Youth with disabilities face challenges regarding achieving autonomy. The 'Skills for Growing Up' tool was adapted for use in Dutch pediatric rehabilitation (SGU-D) to support development of autonomy. This study presents the experiences with the SGU-D tool. Methods The SGU-D was implemented in 18 settings, of which 4 participated in the evaluation. Rehabilitation professionals were trained in the use of the SGU-D.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/usp22i-s02.html  In a qualitative study, participants were interviewed for their opinions regarding the tool. Results Experience with the SGU-D was evaluated in 11 youth with disabilities, 11 parents and 8 rehabilitation professionals. They perceived the SGU-D as a helpful tool i) to support development of autonomy, ii) to focus on future perspectives, and iii) to facilitate communication with family and rehabilitation professionals. Additional support from rehabilitation professionals on using the SGU-D was appreciated. Conclusion Youth with disabilities, their parents and rehabilitation professionals value the SGU-D as a practical tool for working on autonomy, and to identify important areas of development.Purpose For children with cerebral palsy (CP) and equinus, the conventional practice of setting the ankle angle in an ankle-foot orthosis (AA-AFO) at 90∘ may not adequately accommodate gastrocnemius length/stiffness. Therefore, this study compared the effects of statically-optimized solid AFOs with individualized AA-AFOs (iAA-AFOs) and conventionally-prescribed AFOs on gait for children with CP and equinus. Methods Ten children with CP and equinus (15 limbs with AFOs), and 15 typically-developing (TD) children participated. For the children with CP, solid AFOs with iAA-AFOs (range = 5∘-25∘ plantarflexion) were compared with their usual AFOs using three-dimensional gait analysis. TD children walked in shoes only. Peak values and Gait Variable Scores (GVS) for joint and segment variables were calculated for stance phase. Responses were categorized using 90% confidence intervals relative to TD data, for each affected leg. Results Net responses to iAA-AFOs were positive for 60% of limbs and negative for 40%. Knee variables (GVS and peak extension, flexion, and midstance moment) were most positively affected, and foot-floor angle and vertical ground reaction force were most negatively impacted. Conclusion Individualized AFO prescription and iAA-AFOs can impact gait biomechanics for some children with equinus, compared to conventionally-prescribed AFOs. Optimizing dynamic alignment for walking may further improve outcomes.Purpose To investigate the effectiveness of outpatient robot-assisted gait training (RAGT) in ambulatory children with spastic cerebral palsy. Methods Children were randomized to two different intervention sequences within a pragmatic crossover design. They performed five weeks of RAGT (3 sessions per week) and five weeks of usual care (UC). Dimension E of the Gross Motor Function Measure - 88 (GMFM E) was the primary outcome as well as Dimension D (GMFM D), and timed walking tests were assessed before and after each treatment sequence and after a 5 - week follow - up. Results The trial was stopped early because of recruitment problems. We included 16 children with a mean age of 11.3 years (6.0-15.3 years). GMFM E median (IQR) change scores were - 0.7 (-2.8 to 3.5) after RAGT and 0 (-2.4 to 2.4) after UC. Neither GMFM E nor any secondary outcome measure changed significantly after RAGT or UC, nor were any period, follow - up, or carry - over effects observable. Conclusions RAGT as a single intervention was not effective in improving walking abilities in the included children. It should be embedded in a holistic treatment approach, as it cannot cover all aspects relevant to gait. Furthermore, children's personalized rehabilitation goals should be carefully monitored with individualized measurement instruments.Objectives To study the effect of induced fatigue of the unaffected limb on the sensory components of standing balance; proprioception and vestibular symptoms in children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy. Methods Setting Outpatient Clinic of Faculty of Physical Therapy, Cairo University. Patients Twenty-nine children with hemiplegic cerebral palsy [(ages 8.9 ± 2.3 years), motor ability I/II according to the GMFCS and spasticity of I/I+ according to the Modified Ashworth Scale]. Outcome measures Before and after the induced fatigue of the unaffected limb, the following measures were recorded postural balance, using the Biodex Balance System and the Timed Up and Go test; vestibular sense, using the Paediatric Vestibular Symptom Questionnaire; and proprioception measures of both knees, using the Biodex isokinetic dynamometer. Results There was a significant increase in the post-fatigue values for the overall stability index (p less then 0.05), the Timed Up and Go test (p less then 0.05), reposition errors of proprioception of the unaffected limb (p less then 0.