05) as well as in patients with severe form compared to moderate and mild forms of VUR (P < .05 and P < .05, respectively). Also, ROC analysis revealed the sensitivity of 61% and specificity of 53% for uNGAL/uCr ratio for prediction of VUR. Our findings indicate a potential predictive value of uNGAL/uCr ratio as a non-invasive biomarker for the management of VUR although, its clinical application has been challenging and needs to be confirmed by further investigations. Our findings indicate a potential predictive value of uNGAL/uCr ratio as a non-invasive biomarker for the management of VUR although, its clinical application has been challenging and needs to be confirmed by further investigations. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is an important lifethreatening complication in patients hospitalized in intensive care units (ICU). This study was conducted to determine the incidence of AKI in the medical intensive care unit of a tertiary university hospital and to compare the predictive performance of three different AKI criteria (RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO) for in-hospital mortality. The data of all consecutive patients were evaluated from their hospitalization to ICU until discharge or death, retrospectively. Patients with end-stage renal disease, history of kidney transplantation, those who stayed in the ICU for less than 72 hours, who underwent dialysis before admission to the ICU, and those with incomplete medical records were excluded. AKI was defined using serum creatinine criteria of RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO. 303 patients were included in this study. According to RIFLE, AKIN, and KDIGO criteria the incidence of AKI were 47.9 %, 44.6%, and 50.2%; respectively. In-hospital mortality rates were higher in AKI patients (P < .05 according to all three criteria). Regression analysis revealed that AKI was a predictor of in-hospital mortality (P < .05, for all). The ROC analyses showed that each of these criteria had similar abilities to predict in-hospital mortality (area under (Au) ROC for RIFLE = 0.76, AuROC for AKIN = 0.72, and AuROC for KDIGO = 0.76). The incidence of AKI was higher with KDIGO criteria. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/lenalidomide-s1029.html In-hospital mortality rates were higher in patients with AKI. Each criteria had similar abilities to predict in-hospital mortality. The incidence of AKI was higher with KDIGO criteria. In-hospital mortality rates were higher in patients with AKI. Each criteria had similar abilities to predict in-hospital mortality. The Resistance Index by doppler ultrasound has been characterized as a non-invasive diagnostic method that has been well predictive of the outcome of renal function in type 2 diabetic patients. This study aims to investigate the relationship between renal artery resistance index (RI) and albuminuria in diabetic patients. This descriptive, analytical, cross-sectional study was conducted on diabetic patients referred to the clinic for ultrasonography. Patients were divided into two groups macro albuminuria and microalbuminuria or normoalbuminuria and for all patients, ultrasonography was done using the same ultrasound machine and by the same operator. Doppler sonography of the renal arteries was performed and the results were recorded. 52.4% of the patients were female. The mean age of these patients was 50.25 ± 16.41. The mean RI in the study population was 66.0 ± 0.01. In this study, RI with albuminuria and HbA1c levels in diabetic patients were not significant. However, there was a significant relationship between RI and serum creatinine in diabetic patients, with increasing creatinine level, RI was also increased. Also, there was a significant relationship between RI and gender and this indicator had a direct relation with male gender but there was no correlation with female gender. In the current study, the patient's albuminuria, type of treatment and HbA1c had no effect on the RI. The study also found that an increase in the RI index could be a significant predictor of renal dysfunction and increased creatinine. In the current study, the patient's albuminuria, type of treatment and HbA1c had no effect on the RI. The study also found that an increase in the RI index could be a significant predictor of renal dysfunction and increased creatinine. Focal segmental glomerulosclerosis (FSGS) accounts for 20% of nephrotic syndromes among children as well as 75% of the steroid resistant nephrotic syndrome (SRNS). The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of parental consanguinity on clinical course and outcome of FSGS in children. This historical cohort was carried out on 69 children affected by steroid resistant FSGS. Patients' data were recorded at the initial and the final analyses and response to therapeutic measures. Subjects were also questioned about the history of parental consanguinity. Forty-four participants (63.8%) were male with a male to female proportion of 1.761. Mean baseline age was 5.69 ± 2.39 (range 1 to 10). Fifty-one patients (73.9%) reported consanguinity. A more significant resistance to cyclosporine A and cyclophosphamide was observed in participants denoting parental consanguinity than those with no kinship. The average renal survival time obtained significantly lower among those reporting consanguinity compared to the others (8.33 vs. 10.44 years, P < .05). According to univariate analysis results, parental consanguinity was a risk factor for developing chronic kidney disease (HR = 4.56, 95% CI 1.06 to 19.47; P < .05). Patients with FSGS plus parental consanguinity presented less renal survival time with more resistance to cures being more predisposed to the development of CKD. Patients with FSGS plus parental consanguinity presented less renal survival time with more resistance to cures being more predisposed to the development of CKD.Membranous nephropathy (MN) as one of the most common glomerulonephritis still relies on an invasive procedure of kidney biopsy for precise recognition. Over the recent past years noninvasive methods using wide range of biomarkers have been developed in order to diagnose and estimating the final prognosis of MN. Plasma, urine and tissue are readily accessible specimens for identification of these biomarkers. In order to utilize a single biomarker or a panel of them for detection of a specific entity, many factors should taking into consideration like the accuracy, precision, and validity, accompanying with being available and cost effective. This review is focused on recently developed biomarkers and their application on the diagnosis besides determining the prognosis of MN. The clinical utilities and limitations of each biomarker are discussed in details.