Benchmark the economic value of renewable energy and battery storage systems to extend operation of certain critical infrastructure facilities in different markets. This study uses the renewable energy optimization model to assess three critical facilities in North Caro-lina. Techno-economic results were then compared to analyses completed for critical facilities in California and New York to assess energy system cost effectiveness. Though solar photovoltaic (PV) arrays are cost-effective across each of the three North Carolina facili-ties, adopting battery storage to enable PV to operate with existing diesel generators in a hybrid energy system re-duces the economic value of the system. This is in contrast to more economically viable systems in California and New York. All of these systems also offer unquantified resilience benefits by extending operation from hours to weeks across the facilities. If decision makers were able to value the resilience benefits offered by each system or utility rate structures were changed to incentivize battery storage during normal operations, it would impact these assessments. Even so, this analysis provides decision makers a key set of cost benchmarks when considering how they might im-prove resilience at their critical operations. If decision makers were able to value the resilience benefits offered by each system or utility rate structures were changed to incentivize battery storage during normal operations, it would impact these assessments. Even so, this analysis provides decision makers a key set of cost benchmarks when considering how they might im-prove resilience at their critical operations. This case study elaborates on the theme of crisis planning and addresses the question of the value of crisis plans and for whom. This study is based on the data collected during a water pollution incident and consists of interviews, notes, and observations at a Municipal Council, County Administrative Board, and County Council in Sweden. Merton's concept of manifest and latent function offers a new understanding in the discussion of crisis plans. The result is then related to how known the place, task, and situation are to them. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/liraglutide.html The manifest function im-plies that preparing crisis plans are supposed to direct officials in how to act when a crisis occurs. However, the plan was not made by or intended for the operative personnel who handled the water pollution crisis. Rather, this study shows that the personnel acted on the basis of their professional knowledge and earlier experiences when handling the crisis, and their knowledge can be related to the context of the crisis, and how known the place, task, and situa-tion are to them. This research adds to the knowledge of the use of crisis plans. It shows that the importance of having a crisis plan is related to how known the situation and the place is to those handling the crisis, and if the task to be done is known to them. Knowing the place and task helps the personnel to improvise in an unknown situation, and the crisis plan is not used. The value of a crisis plan arises when the task is unknown. This research adds to the knowledge of the use of crisis plans. It shows that the importance of having a crisis plan is related to how known the situation and the place is to those handling the crisis, and if the task to be done is known to them. Knowing the place and task helps the personnel to improvise in an unknown situation, and the crisis plan is not used. The value of a crisis plan arises when the task is unknown.The Vancouver Convention Health Centre (VCHC) was rapidly set up as a part of the COVID-19 response in Brit-ish Columbia in order to create surge hospital capacity bed space. Multiple field hospitals were set up across the country in preparation for a possible surge and the VCHC utilized a non-traditional health care space and overlaid it with medical infrastructure. Maximum flexibility was required in planning for multiple patient populations and a novel four-box concept to plan for the requirements of the respective possible populations was developed. Key difficulties that needed to be overcome in planning COVID-19 medical care delivery in a non-traditional space included oxygen delivery, unknown future patient populations, and staffing. A clear recommendation can also now be made that healthcare provision should be considered during the design and build of new recreational or convention facilities in all communities. This study aimed to provide foundational data supporting the need for nursing education focused on emergency preparedness and response for nursing staff. This study is a cross-sectional, quantitative, descriptive, correlational quality improvement study. The study location is a Midwest healthcare system comprised of 14 acute care facilities including pediat-ric and adult level I trauma centers, a burn center, and a fully dedicated pediatric hospital; five long-term care facilities; 230 ambulatory sites; 4,200 employed providers; and a health plan. A convenience sample of 5,172 currently employed nurses. The main outcome of this study is the documentation of overall familiarity with emer-gency preparedness and response knowledge among nursing staff. Logistic ordinal regression statistical analysis was completed to determine the significance of individual domains impacting the overall familiarity score. Findings based on the results of the "overall familiarity with response activities related to a large-scale emergency incident" question documented most staff (78.45 percent) have little or no familiarity with their role in dis-aster response. Six domains or focused education areas were identified as having a statistically significant impact (p < 0.0001 - p = 0.0195) on the results of the overall familiarity question. These study results support the need for more education (academic and/or institutional) related to nursing emergency preparedness and response. These study results support the need for more education (academic and/or institutional) related to nursing emergency preparedness and response.