Phenolic compounds (PC) and carotenoids from carrots are bound to dietary fibre or stored in vacuoles and chromoplasts, respectively. To exert their antioxidant effects these compounds must be released during digestion, which is hindered by such barriers. Pulsed electric fields (PEF) modify cell membrane permeability, thus enhancing their bioaccessibility. The effect of PEF on the carrot carotenoid and PC content and bioaccessibility was investigated. With this purpose, PEF-treated carrots (5 pulses of 3.5 kV cm-1) were stored for 24 h at 4 °C and microstructure was evaluated before subjecting them to in vitro digestion. PEF did not affect carotenoid content, whereas their bioaccessibility improved (11.9%). Likewise, PEF increased the content of some PC, e.g. coumaric acid (163.2%), probably caused by their better extractability. Conversely, caffeic acid derivatives decreased, which may be associated to greater contact with oxidative enzymes. Total PC bioaccessibility (20.8%) and some derivatives increased, e.g. caffeoylshikimic (68.9%), whereas some decreased (e.g. ferulic acid). Structural changes caused by PEF may improve bioaccessibility of carotenoids and PC by favouring their release and easy access to digestive enzymes. However, other antioxidants may be further degraded or entrapped during digestion. Therefore, PEF is an effective technology for obtaining carrots with enhanced carotenoids and phenolic bioaccessibility.In the context of a carbon neutral economy, catalytic CO2 hydrogenation to methanol is one crucial technology for CO2 mitigation providing solutions for manufacturing future fuels, chemicals, and materials. However, most of the presently known catalyst systems are used at temperatures over 220 °C, which limits the theoretical yield of methanol production due to the exothermic nature of this transformation. In this review, we summarize state-of-the-art catalysts, focusing on the rationales behind, for CO2 hydrogenation to methanol at temperatures lower than 170 °C. Both hydrogenation with homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts is covered. Typically, additives (alcohols, amines or aminoalcohols) are used to transform CO2 into intermediates, which can further be reduced into methanol. In the first part, molecular catalysts are discussed, organized into (1) monofunctional, (2) M/NH bifunctional, and (3) aromatization-dearomatization bifunctional molecular catalysts. In the second part, heterogeneous catalysts are elaborated, organized into (1) metal/metal or metal/support, (2) active-site/N or active-site/OH bifunctional heterogeneous catalysts, and (3) cooperation of catalysts and additives in a tandem process via crucial intermediates. Although many insights have been gained in this transformation, in particular for molecular catalysts, the mechanisms in the presence of heterogeneous catalysts remain descriptive and insights unclear.Numerous clinical studies suggest that microRNAs (miRNAs) are indicative biomolecules for the early diagnosis of cancer. This work aims to develop a cost-effective and label-free electrochemical biosensor to detect miRNA-21, a biomarker of breast cancer. An electrochemical sensor is fabricated using a nanocomposite, consisting of graphene (GP), polypyrrole (PPY) and gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), modified onto a screen-printed carbon electrode (SPCE) to improve electron transfer properties and increase the degree of methylene blue (MB) intercalation for signal amplification. The GP/PPY-modified electrode offers good electrochemical reactivity and high dispersibility of AuNPs, resulting in excellent sensor performance. Peak current of the MB redox process, which is proportional to miRNA-21 concentration on the electrode surface, is monitored by differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). Under optimal conditions, this sensor is operated by monitoring the MB signal response due to the amount of hybridization products between miRNA-21 target molecules and DNA-21 probes immobilized on the electrode. The proposed biosensor reveals a linear range from 1.0 fM to 1.0 nM with a low detection limit of 0.020 fM. In addition, the miRNA-21 biosensor provides good selectivity, high stability, and satisfactory reproducibility, which shows promising potential in clinical research and diagnostic applications.The standard entropy differences between hydrides and other elements (metals, liquid N2, toluene) ΔS were increased with the volume differences ΔV. It was found that ΔS is roughly expressed by the following equation, |ΔS|∝Rln|ΔV|, in which R is the gas constant.Two benchmark sensitizers used for dye-sensitized solar cells, ruthenium polypyridyl N719 and Z907 dyes were investigated with spectroscopic methods as steady-state absorption, time-gated phosphorescence and femto-/nanosecond time-resolved transient absorption at room temperature and at 160 K. Aim of this study was to perform comprehensive photophysical study of dye excited singlet and triplet metal-to-ligand charge transfer (MLCT) states including states lifetimes, dependency on temperature and dye concentration and obtain detailed information on the excitation decay pathway. Transient absorption and phosphorescence decay data provided a clearer picture of the dynamics of the excited MLCT states.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/almorexant-hcl.html  Based on data analysis, the excitation decay pathway consists of rapid intersystem crossing to the triplet MLCT state that undergoes state solvation and vibrational relaxation. It was demonstrated that the lifetime of the fully relaxed triplet MLCT is also strongly dependent on dye concentration for both molecules, providing a viable explanation for a large inconsistency seen in previous studies.Chemical kinetics of O2-addition to alkyl radicals (R), termed first O2-addition in the oxidation mechanism of alkanes, are of central importance to next-generation combustion strategies designed for operations in the low- to intermediate-temperature region ( less then 1000 K). In the present work, stationary points on potential energy surfaces (PES), temperature- and pressure-dependent rate coefficients, and branching fractions of product formation from R + O2 reactions initiated by the addition of molecular oxygen (3O2) to the three alkyl radicals of a branched alkane, 2,5-dimethylhexane, are reported. The stationary points were determined utilizing ab initio/DFT methods and the reaction energies were computed using the composite CBS-QB3 method. Rice-Ramsperger-Kassel-Marcus (RRKM)/master equation (ME) calculations were employed to compute rate coefficients, from which branching fractions were determined over the pressure range of 10-3-20 atm and the temperature range of 400-900 K on three different surfaces.