Manufacturers should design labeling and packaging of vaccines to provide ease of storage and fail-safe preparation to prevent 2-component vaccine errors. Implementing risk reduction strategies, such as training healthcare professionals and affixing storage bin labels, remind healthcare professionals to mix the 2-components and facilitate appropriate administration.PAH contamination in water environment has become an important water quality problem in China. In this study, groundwater PAHs were monitored in September 2019 at 48 groundwater sites, and statistical analysis and positive matrix factorization (PMF) model were used to analyze the characteristic of PAHs in groundwater and to identify the pollution sources of PAHs in the Hutuo River Basin, Hebei Province, China. The results showed that the concentration of the PAHs in groundwater was low and the total PAHs (∑PAHs) ranged from below detection limit to 260.6 ng/L and with a mean value of 17.7 ng/L. The concentration of PAHs in groundwater was obviously affected by the land use. Based on molecular ratio method, the main source of PAHs in groundwater is the biomass combustion, while the results of PMF source analysis were more accurate and the results showed that the primary sources and contribution rate of PAHs in groundwater were wood, coal, and gasoline sources (41.4%), followed by oil and diesel sources (39.4%), and natural gas combustion (19.2%). There was obvious spatial variation in the contribution of pollution sources to PAHs at the sites of different land uses in this region. The highest contribution of nature gas combustion, oil and diesel sources, and wood, coal, and gasoline combustion to PAHs was found in the urban area (0.617 ng/L), industrial area (0.380 ng/L), and village area (0.379 ng/L), respectively. The results can provide scientific basis for the prevention and control of PAH contamination in groundwater in this area.It has been observed that air pollution can affect newborn health due to the negative effects of pollutants on pregnancy development. However, few studies have evaluated the impact of maternal exposure to urban air pollution on head circumference (HC) at birth. Reduced head growth during pregnancy may be associated with neurocognitive deficits in childhood. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the association between maternal exposure to air pollution and HC at birth and to provide context with a systematic review to investigate this association. This was a prospective study of low-risk pregnant women living in São Paulo, Brazil. Exposure to pollutants, namely, nitrogen dioxide (NO2) and ozone (O3), was measured during each trimester using passive personal samplers. We measured newborn HC until 24 h after birth. We used multiple linear regression models to evaluate the association between pollutants and HC while controlling for known determinants of pregnancy. To perform the systematic review, four different electronic databases were searched through November 2018 CENTRAL, EMBASE, LILACS, and MEDLINE. We selected longitudinal or transversal designs associating air pollution and HC at birth. Two reviewers evaluated the inclusion criteria and risk of bias and extracted data from the included papers. Thirteen studies were selected for the systematic review. We evaluated 391 patients, and we did not observe a significant association between air pollution and HC. Regarding the systematic review, 13 studies were selected for the systematic review, 8 studies showed an inverse association between maternal exposure to pollutants and HC, 4 showed no association, and one observed a direct association. In the city of São Paulo, maternal exposure to pollutants was not significantly associated with HC at birth. The systematic review suggested an inverse association between air pollution and HC at birth.Ge and Si differ strongly in their biogeochemical behavior due to the differences in binding capacity to organic matter. The mechanisms of soil organic matter affecting the mobility and bioavailability of Ge in soil-plant system remain unclear. This work aimed to investigate the soil Ge fractions and Ge binding to humic substances in paddy soil. Paddy soil samples taken from Changxing County, Zhejiang Province, China, were investigated by the sequential extraction method. Humic acid (HA) and fulvic acid (FA) isolated from paddy soils were characterized by Fourier transform infrared spectrometry (FT-IR) and 3-dimensional excitation-emission matrix (3D-EEM). The effect of humic substances on the binding of Ge was studied by fluorescence-quenching titration. Results showed that residual Ge was the dominant fraction in soil (up to 85%). The mobile Ge, organic matter bound Ge and easily reduceable compounds bound Ge accounted for approximately 10% of soil TGe and may represented critical labile pools of soil Ge. Organic matter bound Ge significantly correlated (r = 0.56, p  less then  0.01) with rice Ge concentrations. The fluorescence of HA and FA was markedly quenched by the addition of Ge. The conditional stability constant of HA-Ge complexes was larger than that of FA-Ge complexes, and the complexation capacity of HA-Ge complexes was lower than that of FA-Ge complexes.  https://www.selleckchem.com/products/Eloxatin.html  Humic substances played a dual role in affecting the behavior of dissolved Ge in paddy soil. HA formed stable complexes with Ge and tended to sequester Ge, while FA formed soluble and unstable complexes with Ge and tended to act as a Ge carrier in soil-plant system.To enhance the reliability of active biomonitoring of air pollution using lichens, we tested how a water-washing procedure influences element concentrations in lichens growing on bark and rock substrates. Thalli of the lichen Parmotrema tinctorum were collected from tree bark and sandstones from a relatively clean air site in Khao Yai National Park, Thailand. After dry cleaning, each thallus was divided equally the first part was directly used for element analysis, and the second part was washed with deionized water before it was sent for element analysis. The concentrations of 13 elements, including Al, As, Ca, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Se, Sr, Ti, V, and Zn, were determined using inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS). The results showed that the washing procedure substantially decreased the amounts of most elements in the lichens; after washing, concentrations of the elements in the epiphytic thalli showed decreases ranging from 17 to 81% (54% on average), and those in the epilithic thalli showed decreases ranging from 10 to 27% (18% on average).